Bone - Surface Markings

Question 1

Projection from a structure

Answer 1

Process

Question 2

Larger prominence where muscles and CT attach

Answer 2

Tuberosity

Question 3

Small rounded prominence often a site of tendon/ligament attachment

Answer 3

Tubercle

Question 4

A tubercle of the femur near its joint with the hip bone

Answer 4

Trochanter

Question 5

Rounded protuberance at the end of some bones, forming articulation with another bone

Answer 5

Condyle

Question 6

Rounded eminence that lies upon the condyle

Answer 6

Epicondyle

Question 7

Pairs of small joints between the vertebrae in the back of the spine

Answer 7

Facet

Question 8

Raised/prominent part of the edge bone

Answer 8

Crest

Question 9

Most proximal portion of the bone

Answer 9

Head

Question 10

A hole through which nerves and blood vessels pass

Answer 10

Foramen

Question 11

A tube-like channel that extends within the bone, which may provide passage and protection to nerves, vessels, and even sound.

Answer 11

Meatus

Question 12

A shallow depression in the bone surface

Answer 12

Fossa

Question 13

The _______ classification of joints is based on the amount of movement that can occur at the joint

Answer 13

Functional

Question 14

The _______ classification of joints relies on the type of connective tissue which binds the articulating surfaces together and on the presence or absence of a joint cavity

Answer 14

Structural

Question 15

3 types of functional joints:

Answer 15

Syarthroses, amphiarthroses and diarthroses

Question 16

Immovable joints

Answer 16

Syarthroses

Question 17

Slightly moveable joints

Answer 17

Amphiarthroses

Question 18

Freely moveable joints

Answer 18

Diarthroses

Question 19

3 types of structural joints:

Answer 19

Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints

Question 20

Firmly bound together by dense fibrous connective tissue
Very strong and permit little to no movement
Joint cavity is not present

Answer 20

Fibrous joints

Question 21

2 types of fibrous joints:

Answer 21

Suture

Syndesmoses

Question 22

Articulating bones are held very close together by dense CT
Functionally classified as synarthroses, or immovable joints
e.g. joint found between the cranial and facial bones of the skull

Answer 22

Sutures

Question 23

The articulating bones are united by a band of dense CT
Amount of movement depends on the length of connecting fibers
e.g. joint found at the distal articulation between the the tibia and fibula is classified as as synarthroses, or immovable

Answer 23

Syndesmoses

Question 24

Articulating bones are bound together by cartilage

These joints lack a joint cavity and permit little to no movement

Answer 24

Cartilaginous joints

Question 25

2 types of cartilaginous joints:

Answer 25

Synchondroses | Symphyses

Question 26

Articulating bones are connected by hyaline cartilage Functionally classified in the adult as synarthroses, or immoveable joints e.g. joint formed by the costal cartilages of rib #1 and the manubrium of the sternum; epiphyseal plates in the long bones of children

Answer 26

Synchondroses

Question 27

Articulating bones are connected by fibrocartilage Functionally classified as amphiarthroses, or slightly moveable joints e.g. the intervertebral discs between the bodies of the vertebrae; pubic symphysis

Answer 27

Symphyses

Question 28

Most joints in the body are this type of joint. Movement in this joint is limited only by ligaments, muscles, tendons or adjoining bones. Characterized as diarthroses or freely moveable

Answer 28

Synovial joints

Question 29

Articulating bones are separated by a fluid filled joint cavity Articular (hyaline) cartilage covers the surface of articulating bones Joint cavity enclosed by articular capsule (outer fibrous capsule and inner synovial membrane) Reinforced and strengthened by band-like ligaments composed of dense regular CT

Answer 29

Synovial joints

Question 30

Synovial membrane secretes:

Answer 30

Synovial fluid

Question 31

6 categories of synovial joints:

Answer 31

1. Plane (Gliding) Joints 2. Hinge Joints 3. Pivot Joints 4. Condyloid (Ellipsoid) Joints 5. Saddle Joints 6. Ball-and-Socket Joints

Question 32

Articulating surfaces are flat Non-axial; slight movement e.g. joints between the carpal bones of the writs and between tarsal bones of the ankle; sternocostal joint between the sternum and ribs #2-7; vertbrocostal joint between the vertebrae and ribs; intervertebral joint between the articular processes of the vertebrae; joint between tarsals and metatarsals; joint between carpals and metacarpals of digit #2-5; joint between the lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion process of the scapula

Answer 32

Plane (Gliding) Joints

Question 33

Convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another Monaxial; permits flexion and extension e.g. elbow joint; joint between the phalanges; ankle joint; knee joint (modified version)

Answer 33

Hinge Joints

Question 34

A rounded surface of one bone fits into a ring-like portion of another bone Monaxial; permits rotation e.g. joint between the atlas and axis; joint between the head and the radius and the ulna

Answer 34

Pivot Joints

Question 35

An oval convex surface of one bone fits into an oval concave surface of another bone Biaxial; all angular motions: flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction e.g. joint between the radius and carpal bones; joint between the occipital bone and atlas; metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints between the metacarpals/metatarsals and phalanges

Answer 35

Condyloid (Ellipsoid) Joints

Question 36

Each articular surface has both convex and concave areas; fits into the other bone Biaxial; all angular motions: flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction and rotation e.g. joint between carpal and metacarpal bone of the thumb

Answer 36

Saddle Joints

Question 37

Ball-like surface fits into a cup-like depression of another bone Multiaxial; all angular and rotational motions: flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction and rotation e.g. shoulder joint; hip joint

Answer 37

Ball-and-Socket Joints

Question 38

e.g. joints between the carpal bones of the writs and between tarsal bones of the ankle; sternocostal joint between the sternum and ribs #2-7; vertbrocostal joint between the vertebrae and ribs; intervertebral joint between the articular processes of the vertebrae; joint between tarsals and metatarsals; joint between carpals and metacarpals of digit #2-5; joint between the lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion process of the scapula

Answer 38

Plane (Gliding) Joints

Question 39

e.g. elbow joint; joint between the phalanges; ankle joint; knee joint (modified version)

Answer 39

Hinge Joints

Question 40

e.g. joint between the atlas and axis; joint between the head and the radius and the ulna

Answer 40

Pivot Joints

Question 41

e.g. joint between the radius and carpal bones; joint between the occipital bone and atlas; metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints between the metacarpals/metatarsals and phalanges

Answer 41

Condyloid (Ellipsoid) Joints

Question 42

e.g. joint between carpal and metacarpal bone of the thumb

Answer 42

Saddle Joints

Question 43

e.g. shoulder joint; hip joint

Answer 43

Ball and socket