Lab 12 Flashcards
1
Q
Non-nucleated biconcave discs
Approximately 7-8um in diameter
Contain the oxygen carrying pigment known as hemoglobin
A
Red blood cells (Eryhrocytes)
2
Q
Occur in a wide variety of forms
A
White blood cells (Leukocytes)
3
Q
Two major groups of leukocytes are:
A
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
4
Q
Characterized by a large number of visible cytoplasmic granules
A
Granulocytes
5
Q
Have no apparent cytoplasmic granules
A
Agranulocytes
6
Q
Types of Granulocytes:
A
Neutophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
7
Q
Types of Agranulocytes:
A
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
8
Q
Multilobed nucleus
Inconspicuous, pale purple granules
60-70% of total Leukocytes
A
Neutophil
9
Q
Bilobed nucleus
Many, large red granules
2-4% of total Leukocytes
A
Eosinophil
10
Q
S-shaped nucleus
Many, large purple granules
0.5-1% of total Leukocytes
A
Basophil
11
Q
Large round nucleus
No visible granules, thin rim of blue cytoplasm
20-25% of total Leukocytes
A
Lymphocyte
12
Q
Large, horse shoe shaped nucleus
No visible granules, abundant pale blue cytoplasm
3-8% of total Leukocytes
A
Monocyte
13
Q
The most numerous cells
Function in transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Stain pink for eosin stain
A
Red blood cells
14
Q
Are white blood cells that contain visible granules of different sizes and colors
A
Granulocytes
15
Q
Phagocytic, functioning in the destruction of pathogenic micro-organisms and other foreign matter
Range in size from 10-12 um in diamter
Segmented nucleus
Minute pink to violet granules
Only weakly reacts with either acidic eosin or basic methylene blue dyes of Wright’s stain
A
Neutrophils
16
Q
Range from 10-12 um in diameter
Play a role in the control of local responses associated with allergic reactions
Important defense against multicellular parasites
Reddish-orange globular granules
A
Eosinophils
17
Q
The most difficult granulocytes to locate
May be involved in allergic reactions, releasing herparin and histamine that enhance immune response
8-10 um
Large, dark purple granules
Affinity for methylene dye
A
Basophil
18
Q
White blood cells that lack visible cytoplasmic granules
A
Agranulocytes
19
Q
Most numerous of the agranular leuocytes
20-25%
Produce antibodies and other agents involved in the immune process
Can occur in 3 sizes
A
Lymphocytes
20
Q
Largest of white blood cells 12-20 um Highly phagocytic Engulf large particles Light staining, blue violet nucleus
A
Monocytes
21
Q
Blood also contains cell fragments called _______.
150,000 to 400,4000 per cubic milimeter of blood
Disc-shaped
2-4 um
No nucleus
Stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a plug
A
Platelets
22
Q
The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs
A
Hematocrit
23
Q
Uses a series of lithographed colors that illustrate the tints of blood ranging from 10% to 100% hemoglobin
A
Tallquist Scale
24
Q
An instrument which compares a hemolyzed sample of blood with a color of standard by moving a slide on the side back and forth until the two halves of the green field match
Grams Hb/100 ml
A
Hemoglobinometer
25
The blood groups are based on the presence or absence of genetically determined glycoproteins and glycolipids on the cell membrane of RBCs
Antigens
26
Found in blood plasma
Antibodies
27
Agglutinate means
Clump
28
Presence of antigen D in the blood
Rh positive
29
Do not have antigen D present in their blood
Rh negative
30
When mismatched blood is given to a recipient a ________ _______ may occur in which the recipients plasma antibodies recognize the antigens of the donor's RBC as foreign and mount an immune response
Transfusion reaction
31
Transfusion rule
The recipient's antibodies MUST NOT MATCH the donor's antigens
32
A decreased amount of hemoglobin in the blood and consequently a decreased amount of oxygen reaches the tissue
Could result from decreased production of erythrocytes
Iron deficiency or b12
Anemia
33
Malformation of RBC
Sickle cell anemia
34
The ________ and ________ evaluations are the most important tests in the diagnosis of anemia
Hematocrit; hemoglobin
35
A condition characterized by above normal RBC counts
| May be due to living in high altitude or red marrow malignancy
Polycythemia
36
Visual method to count RBC and WBC
| Instrument consists of special microscope slide that contains two counting chambers
Hemacytometer
37
A white blood cell count of more than 10,000
Leukocytosis
38
White blood cell count significantly less than 5,000
Leukopenia
39
Blood normally clots within _ to _ minutes
2; 6
40
Conduct blood away from the heart
Arteries
41
Conduct blood towards the heart
Veins
42
Interconnecting the two major blood vessel types are microscopic:
Capillaries
43
Only consist of a single layer of endothelial cells (simple squamous cells) and a basement membrane
Capillaries
44
The lumen of the ____ is larger than that of the _____ , the actual wall however, is thinner
Vein; Artery
45
The shape of an _______ in cross-section is usually, but not always round. ______ tend to be more irregular and may be collapsed on the side
Artery; veins
46
The innermost layer composed of a single layer of endothelial cells. In some of the large arteries this layer also includes an internal elastic membrane (known as the elastica interna) which appears as thing, bright, scalloped line
Tunica interna (Intima) - Artery
47
The middle layer, consisting mainly of smooth muscle and elastic fibers running in a circular direction around the lumen
Tunica media - Artery
48
The outer layer, composed of fibrous connective tissue and fat cells. In some of the larger arteries the tunica media and tunica externa are separated by an external elastic membrane the elastica externa
Tunica externa (adventitia) - Artery
49
Consists of a layer of endothelial cells. There is no elastic interna.
Tunica interna - Vein
50
Composed mainly of circular smooth muscle cells
Tunica media - Vein
51
Composed of loose fibrous connective tissue with fat cells
Tunica externa - Vein
52
Two upper chambers are the:
Atria
53
The lower chambers are the:
Ventricles
54
Thin-walled receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart from veins
Atria
55
The pumping chambers and have a very thick muscular wall
Ventricles
56
A slight groove containing _________ blood vessels separates the left and right ventricles externally on the ventral surface
Coronary blood vessels
57
The coronary veins drain blood from the capillaries and return blood to the _________ _______, a large vein that also opens into the right atrium
Coronary sinus
58
Large artery originates from the right ventricle of the heart and is the start of the pulmonary circuit of blood flow
Pulmonary trunk
59
Pulmonary trunk carries _________ blood
Deoxygenated
60
The artery which carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation
Aorta
61
The large vein which delivers venous blood collected from the head, neck and arm regions to the right atrium
Superior vena cava
62
The large vein which delivers venous blood collected from the lower body regions to the right atrium
Inferior vena cava
63
These veins are visible on the dorsal surface of the heart. These blood vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
Pulmonary veins
64
Three pouches at the base of the pulmonary trunk
Composed of flaps of endothelium (the tissue lining the inner surface of the heart) with a small amount of CT between the layers of the flaps
Pulmonary semilunar valve
65
Valve at the base of the aorta
Aortic semilunar valve
66
Valve which separates the right atrium and the right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
67
These cusps are anchored to the papillary muscles of the ventricle wall by fibrous cords known as:
Chorade tendineae
68
Valve separating the left atrium and left ventricle
Bicuspid valve
69
Receives blood from the systemic circulation through the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus
Right atrium
70
Returns blood from the myocardium
Coronary sinus
71
Venous blood passes from the right atrium into the:
Right ventricle
72
From there, it is pumped to the lungs by way of the:
Pulmonary trunk
73
The pulmonary trunk splits into two smaller arteries, the left and right ________ arteries, which continue to the lungs
Pulmonary arteries
74
After gas exchange in the lungs occurs, blood rich in oxygen returns to the left atrium through the ________ _____.
Pulmonary veins
75
Blood next enters the left ventricle, which pumps through the _____ to the body.
Aorta
76
The major circulatory pathways of the body are the:
Pulmonary circulation
| Systemic circulation
77
Composed of the arteries and veins that transport blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.
Begins at the right ventricle and ends at the left atrium.
Pulmonary circulation
78
Transports oxygenated blood to all parts of the body that are not in the pulmonary circuit and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Begins at the left ventricle and ends at the right atrium.
Systemic circulation
79
Oxygenated blood is pumped out of the left ventricle into the
Ascending aorta
80
As the ascending aorta leaves the left ventricle, the left and right _________ _______ branch off to go to the myocardium of the heart
Coronary arteries
81
The ascending aorta forms an arch-like structure just above the heart known as the
Aortic arch
82
The aortic arch has 3 branches:
Brachiocephalic artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
83
The brachiocephalic artery branches to form the right ______ _____ and the right subclavian artery
Common artery
84
Each subclavian artery runs laterally to reach the underarm region where it is called the_______ artery and the passes into the arm where it is known as the_______ artery
Axillary; brachial
85
The right and left common carotid arteries each divide into a right _______ _____ artery and the right subclavian artery
Common carotid
86
The continuation of the aortic arch is the:
Descending aorta
87
As the descending aorta passes into the thoracic cavity it becomes the:
Thoracic aorta
88
Branching from the thoracic aorta supply blood to the intercostal muscles
Intercostal arteries
89
After passing through the diaphragm, the thoracic aorta becomes the
Abdominal artery
90
The first major branch from the abdominal aorta is short, unpaired
Celiac artery
91
The celiac artery has 3 important branches:
Common hepatic artery
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
92
Supplies blood to the liver, gallbladder, stomach, duodenum and pancreas
Common hepatic artery
93
Supplies blood to the stomach and inferior part of the esophagus
Left gastric artery
94
Supplies blood to the spleen, stomach, and pancreas
Splenic artery
95
A short distance posterior or distal to the celiac artery is the ________ _______ ______ which supplies blood to the mesentery, small intestine, pancreas, and part of the large intestine
Superior mesenteric artery
96
Next two _____ _____ branch from different points along the abdominal aorta and pass to the kidneys
Renal arteries
97
Paired ______ (testicular or ovarian) ______ branch of slightly posterior to the renal arteries to supply blood to the goands
Gonadal arteries
98
Just before the abdominal aorta ends, it gives off a single branch, the ________ _______ ______ which supplies blood to the posterior part of the colon and rectum
Inferior mesenteric artery
99
Near the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra, the abdominal aorta divides to form the right and left ______ ______ _____
Common iliac arteries
100
Each common iliac artery divides to form an _____ iliac artery and and _____ iliac artery.
Internal; external
101
Supply blood to the pelvic organs and thigh muscles
The internal iliac arteries
102
The external iliac arteries enter the thigh and become the right and left
Femoral arteries
103
Each femoral artery continues to the knee where it becomes known as the
Popliteral artery
104
Supply blood to the leg and foot
Popliteral artery
105
The major vein draining the anterior part of the body is the
Superior vena cava
106
The two blood vessels which unite to form the superior vena cava are the right and left
Brachiocephalic veins
107
Formed by the union of the subclavian vein and the internal and external jugular veins and the vertebral vein
Brachiocephalic vein
108
Collects blood from the arms
Subclavian vein
109
Drain the head and neck
Internal and external jugular veins
110
Collects blood from the skull and spinal cord
Vertebral vein
111
Returns venous blood to the heart from all body regions below the diaphragm
Inferior vena cava
112
The first veins entering the inferior vena cava posterior to the diaphragm are the right and left ______ ______ which drain the liver
Hepatic veins
113
The right and left _____ veins are the next major veins to enter the inferior vena cava
Renal
114
At its posterior or distal end, and inferior vena cava is formed by the union of the right and left ______ _____ veins
Common iliac veins
115
Each common iliac vein is formed, in turn by the union of the _______ iliac vein and the ______ iliac vein
Internal; external
116
The external iliac veins merge into the ______ veins which are formed by the _______ veins.
Femoral; popliteral
117
Because the lungs of the developing individual contain no air, the blood carries on gas exchange in the _______, an organ composed partly of maternal tissue and partly of the fetal tissue
Placenta
118
Fetal blood travels through the ______ ____
Umbilical cord
119
Umbilical cord contains three vessels: two smaller ______ _____ and one large ______ ____
Umbilical arteries
| Umbilical vein
120
Following absorption of nutrients and oxygen by the fetal capillaries in the chorionic villi, blood is circulated to the fetus by a single ______ _____, which enters the fetal abdomen at the umbilicus
Umbilical vein
121
In the liver, the hepatic portal vein forms sinusoids that are drained by the hepatic veins into the
Inferior vena cava
122
Arises from the second branch of the umbilical vein and shunts the majority of the oxygenated blood DIRECTLY to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver
Ductus venosus
123
The inferior vena cava carries the blood into the right _______ of the heat
Atrium
124
Reaching the right atrium, the blood mixes with that of the
Superior vena cava
125
Most of the blood then passes directly into the left ______ by way of first shunting mechanism, a hole in the interracial septum known as _______ ______
Atrium; foramen ovalis
126
Some blood does pass from the right atrium into the right _______ and out through the _______ _____
Ventricle; pulmonary trunk
127
However the second shunting mechanism, a small blood vessel know as the _________ ______, connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta and succeeds in channeling most of the blood away from the pulmonary circulation
Ductus arteriosus
128
The umbilical arteries, which are bunch of the ______ ______ arteries, carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta where gas, nutrient and waste exchange occurs
Internal iliac
129
RBCs are the most numerous and outnumber the white blood cells by about ________
700:1
