Bone Tissue Flashcards
(64 cards)
1
Q
What is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton?
A
Bone, also known as osseous tissue.
2
Q
What is a semi-rigid form of connective tissue that provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement?
A
Cartilage
3
Q
The __________ is the system composed of bones and cartilage.
A
Skeletal System
4
Q
What are the critical functions performed by the skeletal system?
A
- supports the body
- facilitates movement
- protects internal organs
- produces blood cells
- stores and releases minerals and fat
5
Q
Bones act as ______ when muscles span a joint and contract.
A
Levers
6
Q
How do bones protect internal organs from injury?
A
By covering or surrounding them.
7
Q
What are the two types of bone marrow?
A
- Yellow
- Red
8
Q
Which type of bone marrow contains adipose tissue and can serve as a source of energy?
A
Yellow bone marrow
9
Q
What occurs in red bone marrow?
A
Hematopoiesis - the production of blood cells.
10
Q
How many bones do adults have in total?
A
206 bones
11
Q
What is bone density?
A
Total amount of bone TISSUE you have.
12
Q
What are the 5 categories the adult skeleton is divided into?
A
- Long bones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
- Sesamoid bones
- Short bones
13
Q
What is the function of long bones?
A
Function as levers.
14
Q
Where are long bones typically found?
A
In arms, legs, fingers, and toes.
15
Q
Function and location of short bones?
A
Found in the carpals of the wrist and tarsals of the ankles; provide stability and support.
16
Q
Examples of flat bones?
A
- Sternum
- Cranial bones
- Shoulder blades
- Ribs
17
Q
What do irregular bones do?
A
Support and protect internal organs.
18
Q
Function and locations of sesamoid bones?
A
Typically found in tendons associated with hands, feet, and knees; protect tendons.
19
Q
What are the two parts of a long bone?
A
- Diaphysis - tubular shaft
- Epiphysis - ends of the bone
20
Q
The hollow region of the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow is called the _______.
A
Medullary cavity.
21
Q
What type of bone is found in the walls of the diaphysis?
A
Compact Bone
22
Q
What is the growth plate in a long bone called?
A
Epiphyseal plate
23
Q
What is the periosteum?
A
A fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone.
24
Q
What are the three general classes of bone markings?
A
- Articulation
- Projection
- Hole
25
What are osteocytes?
Cells that maintain and form new bone tissue.
26
What do osteoblasts do?
Form bone matrix.
27
What is the microscopic structural unit of compact bone called?
Osteon or Haversian System
28
What is the primary ossification center?
A region deep in the periosteal collar where ossification begins.
29
What is ossification?
The process of bone development.
30
What type of fracture occurs straight across the long axis of the bone?
Transverse
31
What is a greenstick fracture?
A partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken.
32
What procedure is called when a broken bone is manipulated and set into its natural position without surgery?
Closed reduction.
33
What is a common characteristic of the spiral fracture?
Bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion.
34
What does remodeling involve in adult bones?
Resorption of old or damaged bone and replacement with new bone.
35
What is the difference between intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?
Intramembranous ossification develops bone directly from mesenchymal tissue; endochondral ossification replaces hyaline cartilage.
36
What is the role of the epiphyseal plate?
It is responsible for longitudinal bone growth.
37
What is the reserve zone in the epiphyseal plate?
The region closest to the epiphyseal end containing small chondrocytes.
38
What is the function of osteoclasts?
Bone resorption.
39
What type of fracture occurs straight across the long axis of the bone?
Transverse fracture
## Footnote
This type of fracture is characterized by a horizontal break across the bone.
40
What is an oblique fracture?
A fracture that occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees
## Footnote
This type of fracture typically results from a force applied at an angle.
41
Define a spiral fracture.
A fracture where bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion
## Footnote
This type of fracture often occurs in sports injuries or accidents.
42
What characterizes a comminuted fracture?
Several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments
## Footnote
This fracture type usually results from high-impact trauma.
43
What occurs in an impacted fracture?
One fragment is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression
## Footnote
This type of fracture often occurs in falls where the bone is compressed.
44
Describe a greenstick fracture.
A partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken
## Footnote
This type of fracture is more common in children due to the flexibility of their bones.
45
What is an open (or compound) fracture?
A fracture in which at least one end of the broken bone tears through the skin
## Footnote
This type of fracture carries a high risk of infection.
46
What defines a closed (or simple) fracture?
A fracture in which the skin remains intact
## Footnote
This type of fracture is generally less complicated than open fractures.
47
List the steps in the healing of a bone fracture.
* A fracture hematoma forms
* Internal and external calli form
* Cartilage of the calli is replaced by trabecular bone
* Remodeling occurs
## Footnote
This process outlines the stages of bone healing after a fracture.
48
What effect does lack of mechanical stress have on bones?
Causes bones to lose mineral salts and collagen fibers, and thus strength
## Footnote
Regular mechanical stress is crucial for maintaining bone density.
49
What is the relationship between exercise and bone density?
People who exercise regularly have greater bone density than those who are more sedentary
## Footnote
Exercise stimulates the deposition of mineral salts and collagen fibers.
50
From where must calcium be obtained?
The diet
## Footnote
The body cannot synthesize calcium, necessitating dietary intake.
51
What is required for calcium absorption from the small intestine?
Vitamin D
## Footnote
Vitamin D plays a critical role in facilitating calcium absorption.
52
List nutrients critical for bone health and their roles.
* Calcium: Needed to make calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
* Vitamin D: Needed for calcium absorption
* Vitamin K: Supports bone mineralization
* Magnesium: Structural component of bone
* Fluoride: Structural component of bone
* Omega-3 fatty acids: Reduces inflammation affecting osteoblast function
## Footnote
These nutrients contribute to various aspects of bone health.
53
What role does growth hormone play in bone health?
Increases length of long bones, enhances mineralization, and improves bone density
## Footnote
Growth hormone is crucial for overall bone growth and maintenance.
54
What is the function of thyroxine in relation to bones?
Stimulates bone growth and promotes synthesis of bone matrix
## Footnote
Thyroxine is essential for normal metabolic processes in bone development.
55
How do sex hormones affect bone health?
Promote osteoblastic activity and production of bone matrix; responsible for adolescent growth spurt
## Footnote
These hormones play a significant role in bone growth during puberty.
56
What does calcitriol do?
Stimulates absorption of calcium and phosphate from the digestive tract
## Footnote
Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D.
57
What is the role of parathyroid hormone in calcium homeostasis?
Stimulates osteoclast proliferation and resorption of bone; promotes calcium reabsorption by kidneys
## Footnote
This hormone helps to increase blood calcium levels when they are low.
58
How does calcitonin affect bone health?
Inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates calcium uptake by bones
## Footnote
Calcitonin is involved in lowering blood calcium levels.
59
What is hypocalcemia?
A condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium
## Footnote
It can adversely affect circulation, muscles, nerves, and bone.
60
What are some effects of hypocalcemia?
* Difficulty coagulating blood
* Heart may skip beats
* Muscle contraction issues
* Nerve function impairment
* Bones may become brittle
## Footnote
These symptoms highlight the critical role of calcium in bodily functions.
61
What is hypercalcemia?
A condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium
## Footnote
This condition can lead to underactivity of the nervous system.
62
What are some symptoms of hypercalcemia?
* Lethargy
* Sluggish reflexes
* Constipation
* Loss of appetite
* Confusion
* Severe cases may lead to coma
## Footnote
These symptoms indicate the effects of excess calcium on the body.
63
How does the body regulate calcium homeostasis?
Through two pathways: one for low blood calcium levels and one for elevated levels
## Footnote
These pathways involve hormones like PTH, calcitonin, and vitamin D.
64
What is the role of bones in calcium homeostasis?
Act as a storage site for calcium; deposit when high and release when low
## Footnote
Bones help maintain stable calcium levels in the blood.
