Integumentary

Question 1

What are the three main layers of the skin?

Answer 1

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis

The epidermis is composed of closely packed keratinized cells, the dermis contains connective tissue and other structures, and the hypodermis consists of connective and fatty tissues.

Question 2

What is the epidermis made of?

Answer 2

4-5 layers of keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells

The epidermis is avascular and consists of multiple layers of cells.

Question 3

What type of skin has a fifth layer called Stratum Lucidum?

Answer 3

Thick skin

Thick skin is found on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

Question 4

What is the function of keratinocytes?

Answer 4

Manufactures and stores the protein Keratin

Keratin provides hardness and water-resistant properties to hair, skin, and nails.

Question 5

What are dermal papillae?

Answer 5

Finger-like projections in the superficial portion of the dermis

They increase the connection strength between the epidermis and dermis.

Question 6

What are basal cells?

Answer 6

Cuboidal shaped stem cells that are precursors of keratinocytes

Basal cells are primarily found in the stratum basale.

Question 7

What is the role of Merkel cells?

Answer 7

Functions as a receptor for touch

Merkel cells are located in the stratum basale and stimulate sensory nerves.

Question 8

What is the appearance of the stratum spinosum?

Answer 8

Spiny due to protruding cell processes

The stratum spinosum contains 8-10 layers of keratinocytes.

Question 9

What occurs in the stratum granulosum?

Answer 9

Keratinocytes become flatter and generate fibrous keratin proteins

This layer has a grainy appearance and helps form the stratum lucidum and corneum.

Question 10

What is the stratum lucidum?

Answer 10

A smooth, seemingly translucent layer found only in thick skin

It contains dead, flattened keratinocytes densely packed with Eleidin.

Question 11

What is the function of the stratum corneum?

Answer 11

Prevents penetration of microbes and dehydration of underlying tissues

This layer is shed and replaced approximately every 4 weeks.

Question 12

What are the two connective tissue layers of the dermis?

Answer 12

Papillary layer, Reticular layer

The papillary layer is loose areolar connective tissue, while the reticular layer is dense, irregular connective tissue.

Question 13

What is the hypodermis also known as?

Answer 13

Subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia

It connects the skin to underlying fascia of bones and muscles.

Question 14

What pigments influence skin color?

Answer 14

Melanin, Carotene, Hemoglobin

Melanin is produced by melanocytes, while carotene and hemoglobin also contribute to skin pigmentation.

Question 15

What are the two primary forms of melanin?

Answer 15

Eumelanin and Pheomelanin

Eumelanin provides black or brown color, while pheomelanin provides a red color.

Question 16

What is the role of sweat glands in thermoregulation?

Answer 16

Produce sweat to cool the body

Eccrine glands produce hypotonic sweat, while apocrine glands are associated with hair follicles.

Question 17

What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?

Answer 17

Lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair

They secrete sebum, a mix of lipids, onto the skin surface.

Question 18

What is the role of hair in the integumentary system?

Answer 18

Protection, sensory input, thermoregulation, communication

Hair also traps air for insulation.

Question 19

What are the phases of hair growth?

Answer 19

Anagen phase, Catagen phase, Telogen phase

Anagen is active growth, catagen is transitional, and telogen is resting.

Question 20

What is the nail bed?

Answer 20

Specialized structure of the epidermis at the tip of fingers and toes

It is rich in blood vessels, making it appear pink.

Question 21

What condition can result from a lack of vitamin D due to insufficient sun exposure?

Answer 21

Rickets

Rickets leads to misshapen bones in children due to lack of calcium.

Question 22

What is a major consequence of excessive sun exposure?

Answer 22

Skin wrinkling and potential skin cancer

UV rays can cause DNA damage and accelerate aging.

Question 23

What are the two types of sweat glands?

Answer 23

Eccrine sweat glands, Apocrine sweat glands

Eccrine glands are for thermoregulation, while apocrine glands are associated with hair follicles.

Question 24

True or False: The stratum lucidum is present in thin skin.

Answer 24

False

The stratum lucidum is only found in thick skin.

Question 25

What condition can develop in elderly individuals due to vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 25

Osteomalacia ## Footnote Osteomalacia is characterized by the softening of bones.

Question 26

What is the role of vitamin D in the body?

Answer 26

Essential for bone health and general immunity against infections ## Footnote Insufficient vitamin D is also linked to cancer.

Question 27

What is cancer?

Answer 27

Diseases caused by abnormal cells dividing uncontrollably.

Question 28

What environmental factor has contributed to the rise in cancer cases?

Answer 28

Degradation of the ozone layer and increased UV radiation exposure.

Question 29

What are the general causes of cancer?

Answer 29

Accumulation of DNA mutations leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation.

Question 30

What is a characteristic feature of cancers?

Answer 30

Ability to metastasize or spread.

Question 31

Where does basal cell carcinoma primarily affect the skin?

Answer 31

Mitotically active stem cells in the stratum basale of the epidermis.

Question 32

What is the most common cancer in the United States?

Answer 32

Basal cell carcinoma.

Question 33

What are common treatment options for basal cell carcinoma?

Answer 33

* Surgery * Freezing (cryosurgery) * Topical ointments

Question 34

What type of cells does squamous cell carcinoma affect?

Answer 34

Keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum.

Question 35

Where are squamous cell carcinoma lesions commonly found?

Answer 35

Scalp, ears, and hands.

Question 36

What are the common treatment methods for squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 36

* Surgery * Radiation

Question 37

What characterizes melanoma?

Answer 37

Uncontrolled growth of melanocytes.

Question 38

What is the most fatal skin cancer?

Answer 38

Melanoma.

Question 39

What are the signs of a concerning mole? (List them)

Answer 39

* Asymmetry * Irregular borders * Varied color * Diameter larger than 6 mm * Evolving shape

Question 40

What is eczema?

Answer 40

An allergic reaction manifesting as dry, itchy patches of skin.

Question 41

What is acne caused by?

Answer 41

Overproduction and accumulation of sebum and keratin blocking hair follicles.

Question 42

What is a burn?

Answer 42

Damage to the skin caused by heat, radiation, electricity, or chemicals.

Question 43

What are the complications following severe burns?

Answer 43

* Dehydration * Electrolyte imbalance * Renal failure * Circulatory failure

Question 44

What characterizes a first-degree burn?

Answer 44

Affects only the epidermis.

Question 45

What are the characteristics of a second-degree burn?

Answer 45

Affects epidermis and part of the dermis, causing swelling and blisters.

Question 46

What defines a third-degree burn?

Answer 46

Destroys the epidermis and dermis, affecting nerve endings.

Question 47

What is a fourth-degree burn?

Answer 47

Affects underlying muscle and bone.

Question 48

What is a scar?

Answer 48

Collagen-rich skin formed after wound healing, differing from normal skin.

Question 49

What is a keloid?

Answer 49

An overproduction of scar tissue resulting in a raised scar.

Question 50

What are bedsores?

Answer 50

Decubitus ulcers caused by constant pressure on bony areas.

Question 51

What causes stretch marks?

Answer 51

Dermis stretched beyond its elastic limits due to rapid growth.

Question 52

A tubular sheath that surrounds the hair root and bulb

Answer 52

Hair follicle

Question 53

Melanin is transferred into the keratinocytes via a cellular vesicle called a _____________.

Answer 53

Melanosome

Question 54

where strands of hair originate in the epidermis - an epidermal penetration of the dermis.

Answer 54

Hair follicle

Question 55

________________ surrounds the hair papilla - which is made of connective tissue and contains blood capillaries and nerve endings from the dermis.

Answer 55

The hair bulb.

Question 56

The wall of the hair follicle is made of 3 concentric layers of cells:

Answer 56

Internal root sheath External root sheath Glassy membrane

Question 57

What kind of muscle is arrector pili?

Answer 57

Smooth muscle

Question 58

A specialized structure of the epidermis found on the finger and toe tips.

Answer 58

Nail Bed

Question 59

The nail body forms at the ________ ________.

Answer 59

Nail Root

Question 60

What makes the nail bed appear pink?

Answer 60

It is rich in blood vessels.

Question 61

In addition to water and salts, apocrine sweat includes:

Answer 61

organic compounds that make the sweat thicker and subject to bacterial decomposition and subsequent smell.

Question 62

Most sebaceous glands are associated with __________ __________.

Answer 62

Hair Follicles

Question 63

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

Answer 63

Sebum ----- a mix of lipids onto the skin surface that lubricates.

Question 64

Receptors are more concentrated on the tips of the fingers, which are most sensitive to touch, especially these 2.

Answer 64

Meissner's Corpuscle - tactile corpuscle that responds to light touch and Pacinian Corpuscle - responds to vibration.