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Pathology Definitions > Bones and Joints > Flashcards

Bones and Joints Flashcards

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1
Q

A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular components are mineralized

A

Bone

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2
Q

Constitutes the spongy bone of the medullary cavity; formed by a 3-D lattice of interlacing spicules or trabeculae; spaces between spicules contains the bone marrow

A

Cancellous (trabecular) bone

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3
Q

Forms the dense walls of the diaphysis; has high density and is composed of concentric layers of bone tissue with a channel on the center

A

Compact (cortical) bone

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4
Q

Immature bone present during fetal development or in the early stages of bone repair; collagen fibers are randomly distributed and have crisscross pattern

A

Woven bone

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5
Q

Mature bone present in normal adult stages; collagen fibers are perfectly arranged in a parallel pattern

A

Lamellar bone

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6
Q

Growth in width; primarily in flat bones and along periosteal surfaces of bones

A

Intramembranous (appositional) ossification

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7
Q

Responsible for the longitudinal growth of long bones and other bones with growth plates; growth cartilage is subsequently replaced by bone

A

Endochondral ossification

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8
Q

Defective endochondral ossification that results in disproportionate dwarfism; appositional growth is normal although endochondral growth is impaired

A

Chondrodysplasia (chondrodystrophia fetalis)

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9
Q

Inherited disease in which defective osteoclasts fail to reabsorb and remodel the fetal bone; causes increased bone density with concurrent reduction of medullary spaces

A

Osteopetrosis

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10
Q

Affects long bones and is characterized by exaggerated periosteal bone growth in pigs

A

Congenital cortical hyperostosis of pigs

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11
Q

Absence of a limb(s)

A

Amelia

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12
Q

Absence of the distal half of a limb(s)

A

Hemimelia

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13
Q

Absence of proximal portions of the limb(s)

A

Phocomelia

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14
Q

Absence of distal portions of the limb(s)

A

Peromelia

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15
Q

Small limbs

A

Micromelia

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16
Q

Fusion of digits

A

Syndactylia

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17
Q

Supernumerary digits

A

Polydactylia

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18
Q

Ventral deviation of a vertebral column

A

Lordosis

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19
Q

Dorsal deviation of a vertebral column

A

Kyphosis

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20
Q

Lateral deviation of a vertebral column

A

Scoliosis

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21
Q

Dorsolateral deviation of a vertebral column

A

Kyphoscoliosis

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22
Q

Negative balance between the formation and the resorption of bone leading to reduction of bone mass; reduction in the thickness of cortical bone, reduced number of trabecula in cancellous bone; there is little bone, but what is there is normal

A

Osteoporosis

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23
Q

Softening of bones in young, growing animals; metabolic bone disease involving deficient calcification of osteoid and cartilaginous matrices; usually involves deficiencies with Vit D or phosphorus

A

Rickets

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24
Q

Softening of bones in grown animals; failure of calcification of osteoid during the normal remodeling of bone associated primarily with Vit D or P deficiencies

A

Osteomalacia

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25
Metabolic bone disease characterized by increased osteoclastic resorption of bone and replacement with fibrous CT
Osteodystrophia fibrosa (fibrous osteodystrophy)
26
Caused by active parathyroid adenomas and is rare; overproduction of PTH
Primary hyperparathyroidism
27
Results from low calcium, high phosphate diet
Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
28
Failure to eliminate P in the urine, causing hyperphosphatemia
Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism
29
A piece of necrotic bone isolated from the remaining viable bone
Sequestrum
30
A dense collar of bone surrounding sequestrum
Involucrum
31
Exostosis, enostosis, hyperostosis
Bone proliferation
32
A bony growth on the surface of a bone or tooth
Exostosis
33
A bony tumor arising within a bone
Enostosis
34
Excessive or abnormal thickening or growth of bone tissue
Hyperostosis
35
Localized (unilateral) infection of the jaw caused by actinomyces bovis; causes a chronic phyogranulomatous osteomyelitis
Lumpy Jaw (mandibular osteomyelitis)
36
A usually bacterial infection of bone and bone marrow in which the resulting inflammation can lead to a reduction of blood supply to the bone
Osteomyelitis
37
A disorder affecting bones and joints; primarily characterized by degenerative changes with almost no inflammation
Osteoarthropathy
38
Localized bone disease; dogs have a swelling of the temporo maxillary region; bony bridging on the periosteal surface
Craniomandibular osteopath (lion jaw)
39
Bones or cartilages united by fibrous tissue
Fibrous joints (synarthrosis)
40
Bones or cartilages united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis)
41
Unite 2 bone ends covered by articulate cartilage na dall surrounded by a thick articular capsule
Synovial (diarthrosis/true joints)
42
Bilateral depressions not covered by cartilage
Synovial fossae
43
Clear, viscous, colorless or slightly yellow fluid produced by synoviocyted; main functions are to reduce friction (lubricate) and to nourish the articular cartilage
Synovial fluid
44
Thick sack of CT that covers the entire joint and provides additional joint stability
Articular capsule
45
Thin membrane with discrete villi superficially lined by a continuous layer of highly specialized cells called synoviocytes
Synovial membrane
46
Bands of fibrous tissue connecting joints serving to support and strengthen the joints
Ligaments
47
Early degenerative change of articular cartilage due to loss of proteoglycans, the unmasking of collagen fibers and an increased water content in chondrocytes; equivalent to superficial erosion of the cartilage; ground glass appearance
Fibrillation
48
Complete loss (ulceration) of articular cartilage, which is generally accompanied by a thickening of the subchondral bone (osteosclerosis)
Eburnation
49
Conventional term used to describe viable and often growing fragments of cartilage and/or bone floating free in synovial fluid; formation of joint mice occurs when pieces of degenerating cartilage detach from the subchondral bone
Joint mice
50
Multiple bone outgrowths derived from chondrification of fibrous tissues; not a specific lesion and occurs in degenerative and inflammatory joint diseases
Osteophytes
51
Synovial membrane takes on a 'velvety' appearance due to the formation of tongue-like synovial villi covered with hyperplastic synoviocytes
Villous hyperplasia (hypertrophy)
52
Thickening of the capsule due to the proliferation of CT and deposition of exudate
Capsular fibrosis
53
Formation of granulation on the synovial membrane
Pannus
54
Used to describe several chronic articular changes in the same joint
End stage joint
55
The stiffening and immobility of a joint as the result of disease, trauma, surgery, or abnormal bone fusion
Ankylosis
56
Characterized by compression of the spinal cord and ataxia; eventually causes narrowing of the vertebral canal and myelomalacia; clinical signs are incoordination and locomotion distubances
Cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy in horses (wobbler syndrome)
57
Instability of the cervical vertebral joints (C3-C5) causes a dynamic narrowing of the vertebral canal and compression of the spinal cord
Cervical vertebral instability
58
Hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum causes dorsal narrowing of the vertebral canal at the C5-C7
Cervical static stenosis
59
Characterized by abnormalities in the cervical vertebrae causing chronic compression, myelomalacia, and gate deficits
Cervical spondylomyelopathies (wobblers in dogs)
60
Annulus fibrosis degenerates and allows a dorsal protrusion of nucleus pulposus into the spinal canal causing compressive myelomalacia
Dorsal protrusion (prolapse) of intervertebral disk
61
Another form of disk disease in which the disk suddenly disintegrates and herniates into the spinal canal; due to severe compressive trauma to spinal column as in HBC
Disk explosion
62
No gross lesions but microscopic examination of the spinal cord reveals fibrocartilaginous material in the spinal arteries or veins
Embolism of the nucleus pulposus
63
Chronic degenerative disease affecting the vertebral joints; lesions include degeneration of intervertebral disks, periosteal stimulation, osteophyte formation, bridging between vertebrae, and finally ankylosis
Ankylosing spondylosis
64
Abnormal growth or maturation of cartilage
Osteochondrosis (Dyschondroplasia)
65
Separation of a piece of articular cartilage from the subchondral bone; generally becomes a joint mouse
Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)
66
Septic inflammation (fibrinous or suppurative) of joints
Infectious arthritis
67
A cystic swelling containing a serous fluid
Hygroma
68
Characterized by lameness, the swelling joints, anorexia, and fever; lesions are bilateral, affecting only the joints of the appendicular skeleton; involves the formation of IgG/IgM immune complex (rheumatoid factor)
Erosive arthritis (rheumatoid-like arthritis)
69
Caused by the deposition of immune complex in the synovial membranes generally associated with chronic diseases involving other organs
Non-erosive arthritis
70
Inflammation of the hoof laminae
Laminitis
71
Metabolic disease characterized by the deposition of urates in membranes
Gout
72
Chronic condition of 'normal' animals fed large amounts of protein or chickens with a genetic impairment in kidney to secrete uric acid resulting in the deposition of uric acid in synovial capsules
Articular gout
73
Primary kidney failure resulting in the deposition of uric acid in the kidney, heart, and other viscera
Visceral gout
74
Smooth, solitary, monostotic nodules formed by intramembranous ossification found generally in the skull
Osteoma
75
Cartilage capped, bony protuberances that stop growing when the rest of the skeleton does
Osteochondromas (multiple cartilaginous exostoses)
76
Benign tumor arising from the cartilage
Chondroma
77
Most common skeletal neoplasia of dogs and cats
Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma)
78
Rare tumors arising from malignant chondrocytes
Chondrosarcomas
79
Rare tumors arising from synovial cells
Syovioma and synovial sarcoma
80
Fracture where the skin is unbroken
Closed/simple fracture
81
Fracture where the skin is broken and bone is exposed
Open/compound fracture
82
Bone has shattered into several fragments
Comminuted fracture
83
Fracture caused by the pull of a ligament
Avulsion fracture
84
Fracture where one side is broken the other side is only bent; no separation or displacement
Greenstick fracture
85
This fracture depends on the orientation of the fracture line
Transverse or spiral fracture
86
Feature where the fracture ends are not aligned
Displaced fracture
87
Fracture that develops slowly following increased physical activity in which the bone is subjected to new repetitive loads
Stress fracture

Pathology Definitions (7 decks)

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