Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology > Bones and Skeletal Tissues (Chapter 6) > Flashcards

Bones and Skeletal Tissues (Chapter 6) Flashcards

1
Q

Basic Structure of Skeletal Cartilage

A

Chondrocytes in lacunae; Matrix, Avascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Structure/Function of Perichondrium

A

Dense irregular CT; structurally similar to a capsule; surrounding cartilage contains blood vessels and nerves; restrains cartilage when compressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hyaline Cartilage Structure and Location

A

Scattered chondrocytes in lacunae; no visible fibers in matrix; Articular, costal, respiratory, nasal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Elastic Cartilage Structure and Location

A

Scattered chondrocytes in lacunae; branching elastic fibers in matrix allows for flexibility; external ear, epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fibrocartilage Structure and Function

A

Rows of chondrocytes in lacunae; parallel collagen fibers that withstand heavy pressures; intervertebral discs, meniscus, pubic symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Derived from chondroblasts in perichondrium; New cartilage laid down on top of pre-existing cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

Derived from chondrocytes within pre-existing lacunae; Occurs within pre-existing cartilage; Growth plates in long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Along midline of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Appendages and points of attachment to body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Long Bones

A

Are longer than wide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Short Bones

A

Cube-shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Flat Bones

A

Plate-like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Odd-shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sesamoid (Circular Bones)

A

Atypical short bones that are formed within tendons which allow tendons to slide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Functions of Bone

A

Support: provide body framework and attachment sites for tendons; Protection: internal organs from injury; Movement: skeletal muscle contractions pull on bones via tendons that allow movement of the body and its parts; Mineral Storage: stored as salts in bone which are released into blood as needed; Triglyceride (Fat) Storage: stored in adipose CT; Blood Cell Formation: hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Periosteum

A

Surrounds bone not covered by articular cartilage; Contains blood vessels and nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Outer Layer

A

Dense irregular CT (attachment site for tendons and ligaments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Inner Layer

A

Osteogenic Cells: which are derived from mesenchyme (mitotic) which develop from osteoblasts; Osteoblasts: form new bone by producing matrix and fibers; Osteoclasts: degrade bone and are formed by fusion of multiple macrophages (huge and multinucleate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Functions of Periosteum

A

Increases bone width; Assists in repair and nourishment of bone; Attachment site of tendons and ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines yellow bone marrow cavities, central canals in bone, and covers bony spicules/trabeculae in spongy bone; Composed of a single layer of osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts within a thin layer of reticular CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Epiphysis

A

Distal and proximal ends of long bones; Contains spongy bone surrounded by compact bone and articular cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Epiphyseal Line

A

Region where epiphysis joins diaphysis; Site of lengthwise bone growth during childhood/adolescence; Hyaline cartilage transitions bone in adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Diaphysis

A

Between epiphyses; Compact bone surrounding medullary cavity proper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage; Covers ends of long bones; Functions include decreasing friction and absorbing shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Marrow Cavities
Spaces housing bone marrow; Found within spongy bone; Within marrow cavities of all developing fetal bones
26
Red Bone Marrow
Function: hematopoiesis; Composition: developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages within reticular CT framework
27
Yellow Bone Marrow
Composition: primarily adipocytes (adipose CT) and a few blood cells; Function: store triglycerides as energy reserves
28
Flat Bone Structure
Organization: compact bone surrounding spongy bone; CT Coverings: periosteum, endosteum which lack diaphysis and epiphyses; Marrow cavities: only in red bone marrow
29
Single Osteon
Lamellar Bone; Organization: concentric tubes of bony matrix, collagen fibers and mineral salts which are oriented in opposite directions in adjacent lamellae, ability to withstand twisting forces associated with movement of body; Central Canal: vertical passageway
30
Volkmann's (Perforating Canals)
Horizontal passageways; Connect with central canals and medullary cavities; Blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerve fibers from periosteum to endosteum
31
Osteocytes Lacunae
Found within small cavities between lamellae which is surrounded by tissue fluid; mature bone cells surrounded by matrix; Amitotic
32
Canaliculi
Radiate from lacunae; Contains slender cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes bathed by tissue fluid; Allow communication between adjacent osteocytes via gap junctions; Allows passage of nutrients, O2, wastes, and CO2 between osteocytes and central canal
33
Interstitial Lamellae
Areas of bony tissue between osteons; Represent fragments of older osteons; Partially destroyed by bone rebuilding or growth
34
Circumferential Lamellae
Deep to periosteum or lies beneath endosteum, encircling marrow cavities; Withstand twisting of bone due to external forces
35
Microscopic Anatomy of Spongy Bone
20% of human skeleton; Organized along lines of mechanical stress; Honeycomb of trabeculae which support and protect red bone marrow; No osteons present and no central canals; Lamellae are arranged irregularly
36
Organic Components
Osteogenic Cells (mitotic stem cells); Osteoblasts (mitotic bone forming): secretes fibers and matrix); Osteocytes (amitotic trapped in matrix): maintain daily metabolism of bone, strain sensors communicate to osteoblasts/clasts to start bone remodeling; Osteoclasts (amitotic break down bone matrix): lots of lysosomes and osteoids (35% of matrix which are secreted by osteoblasts)
37
Inorganic Components
Mineral Salts: calcium phosphate, mineralize within spaces between collagen fibers -> accumulate around collagen fibers which contributes to hardness of bone; Calcification of Bony Matrix: Collagen must be present in order for calcification of bone and provides flexibility to bone
38
Endochondral Ossification
Forms all bones from base of skull down, begins during 8th-9th week of fetal development, replaces hyaline cartilage skeleton with a bony skeleton, requires break down of cartilage prior to ossification
39
First Step of Endochondral Ossification
New blood vessels infiltrate perichondrium which is converted to a periosteum
40
Second Step of Endochondral Ossification
Mesenchymal Cells develop into osteogenic cells which develop into osteoblasts
41
Third Step of Endochondral Ossification
Osteoblasts from the periosteum secrete and form bony matrix in which a bone collar forms around a diaphysis
42
Fourth Step of Endochondral Ossification
Chondrocytes enlarge which provides signal for cartilage matrix to calcify and harden
43
Fifth Step of Endochondral Ossification
Chondrocytes begin to die
44
Sixth Step of Endochondral Ossification
Cartilage begins to deteriorate and is replaced by increasing amounts of bony tissue
45
Seventh Step of Endochondral Ossification
Hyaline cartilage remains at epiphyses and at epiphyseal plate
46
Eight Step of Endochondral Ossification
Blood vessels from periosteum invade internal spaces and form spongy bone
47
Ninth Step of Endochondral Ossification
Diaphysis elongates and osteoclasts form medullary cavity
48
Tenth Step of Endochondral Ossification
Secondary ossification centers develop in epiphyses at birth due to invasion by new blood vessels
49
Intramembranous Ossification
Begins during 8th week of development and bone is laid down between 2 sheet-like layers of mesenchyme, forms bones of skull and clavicles
50
First Step of Intramembranous Ossification
Ossification centers form when mesenchymal cells cluster and become osteogenic cells which develop into osteoblasts
51
Second Step of Intramembranous Ossification
Osteoid is secreted by osteoblasts which is mineralized
52
Third Step of Intramembranous Ossification
Spongy bone is formed when osteoid is laid down around blood vessels which starts formation of trabeculae
53
Fourth Step of Intramembranous Ossification
Mesenchyme forms periosteum for newly formed bone
54
Soft Spots
Allow flexibility of skull during childbirth and allows rapid brain growth during infancy
55
Resting Zone
Small scattered chondrocytes which are closest to epiphysis; Function: anchor epiphyseal plate to epiphysis; Chondrocytes in this region do not function in bone growth
56
Proliferation Zone
Columns of mitotic chondroblasts; Secrete cartilaginous matrix and collagen fibers; Push epiphysis from diaphysis and bone lengthens
57
Hypertrophic Zone
Older chondrocytes enlarge and lacunae enlarge; Matrix between lacunae begins to erode and provides a signal for cartilage calcification to begin
58
Calcification Zone
Only a few cells in thickness; Cartilage matrix calcifies and chondrocytes die; Forms spicules of calcified cartilage at junction of epiphysis/diaphysis
59
Ossification Zone
Occurs in diaphysis region; Osteoclasts degrade calcified cartilage; Osteoblasts invade from marrow of spongy bone; Replaces calcified cartilage with bony tissue
60
Appositional Growth in Width of Bones
Osteoblasts within periosteum secrete matrix onto bone surface; Osteoclasts from endosteum degrade bone lining medullary cavity; Osteoblast activity is slightly greater than osteoclast activity; Bones are thicker and stronger
61
Regulation of Bone Growth
GH (growth hormone): stimulates activity at epiphyseal plate, promotes cell division, protein synthesis, and osteoblast activity; TH (thyroid hormone): controls GH activity, assures proper proportions of bone growth; Estrogens and Testosterones: increase osteoblast activity, growth spurts, estrogen ultimately shuts down bone growth at epiphyseal plates
62
Bone Remodeling
Involves two processes: bone resorption and deposition; Associated with periosteum and endosteum; Remodeling cells: osteoclasts and osteoblasts
63
Bone Remodeling Function
Renews bone before deterioration sets in and fractures occur; Redistribution of bone along lines of mechanical stress; Heals injured bone
64
Osteoblast and Osteoclast Function
Blast: build compact bone at periphery; Clast: reabsorb spongy bone and build new bone marrow
65
First Step of Bone Resorption
Osteoclasts attach to surface of bone and form a leak proof seal
66
Second Step of Bone Resorption
Secrete lysosomal contents (pH 4.5-5.5) which digest matrix and a pocket forms beneath osteoclast: Acids dissolve mineral salts to soluble forms, enzymes digest osteoid and cells found in bone (organic components)
67
Third Step of Bone Resorption
Ca+2 and other minerals are released from bone
68
Fourth Step of Bone Resorption
Osteoclasts perform endocytosis, transcytosis, and exocytosis: tissue fluid enters capillaries
69
Fifth Step of Bone Resorption
Osteoclasts under apoptosis when no longer needed
70
First Step of Bone Deposition
A new bone matrix is formed by osteoblasts; Osteoblasts remove Ca+2 and PO4-2 from blood via mechanism
71
Second Step of Bone Deposition
Deposit fibers and matrix which then leads to calcification of matrix
72
Third Step of Bone Deposition
Become osteocytes when completely surrounded by matrix
73
Hormonal Regulation of Bone Modeling: Decreased Ca+2 in blood
Detected by cells in parathyroid gland which releases PTH (parathyroid hormone): increases osteoclast activity and increases Ca+2 in blood
74
Hormonal Regulation of Bone Modeling: Increased Ca+2 in blood
Detected by parafollicular cells in thyroid: increase osteoblast activity which inhibits osteoclast activity and decreases Ca+2 in blood
75
Mechanical Stress on Bone
Bones become stressed when weight bears on them or muscles pull on them; Bones grow or remodel in response to stresses which applies to both compact and spongy bone
76
First Step of Mechanical Stress
Mechanical stress is usually off center and bone tends to bend slightly
77
Second Step of Mechanical Stress
Bending compresses one side and stretches the other
78
Third Step of Mechanical Stress
Deformed bone pushes fluid containing ions through canaliculi and gap junctions between cellular processes
79
Fourth Step of Mechanical Stress
Creates electrical current detected by osteocytes which releases chemical messengers to stimulate bone deposition
80
Fracture Classification
Simple (skin not pierced) vs Compound (skin is pierced); Complete (broken into 2 parts) vs Partial (broken lengthwise but not separated); Spiral (bone is twisted and break is ragged)
81
First Step of Bone Repair: Hematoma Formation
Bone breaks and blood vessels tear and blood is released into space between break; Blood clots in space between break and forms hematoma; Area becomes inflamed and swollen; Damaged bone cells die; Within 6-8 hours of injury
82
Second Step of Bone Repair: Fibrocartilage Callus Formation
Macrophages and osteoclasts removed dead cells and damaged tissues; Fibroblasts from periosteum produce collagen fibers that reconnect broken ends; Chondroblasts fill space with fibrocartilage: Within 3 weeks of injury
83
Third Step of Bone Repair: Bony Callus Formation
Osteoblasts convert fibrocartilage to spongy bone: Within 3-4 months of injury
84
Osteoarthritis
Breakdown of joint's cartilage, bones rub against each other causing discomfort
85
Osteomalacia
Body doesn't get or absorb sufficient amounts of calcium and phosphate
86
Osteopenia or Osteoporosis
Increased breakdown of bone
87
Rickets
Low levels of vitamin D fail to control levels of calcium and phosphate. Blood levels of these minerals decrease which causes body to release hormones that then release calcium and phosphate from bones. Bones become soft and weak
88
Paget's Disease
Chronic disorder of bone remodeling process. Bones formed by this abnormal process of excessive breakdown and formation are often abnormal, enlarged, less dense than normal bone, brittle, and prone to breakage
89
Achondroplasia
Disorder of bone growth that results in dwarfism. Genetic disorder; it is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. It is caused by a mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3)
90
Osteomyelitis
Occur through Staphylococcus bacteria infecting bone; Can be caused by another infection, deep wounds, and direct contamination of the bone by external sources
91
Osteosarcoma
Rare malignant tumor arising in bone by bone producing immature bone by unknown cause
92
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Brittle bone disease; osteogenesis imperfect (O1) is a congenital disease, caused by a defect in the gene that produces certain types of collagen, autosomal disease
93
Hypercalcemia
Too much calcium present in blood cause by hyperparathyroidism (PHTP) due to excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) being released by parathyroid glands

Anatomy and Physiology (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions