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Anatomy and Physiology > Peripheral Nervous System (Chapter 13) > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System (Chapter 13) Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Conscious or subconscious awareness of internal or external stimuli; conscious awareness -> sent to cerebral cortex; Subconscious awareness -> sent to medulla

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2
Q

Perception

A

Conscious awareness and interpretation/meaning of sensations; Associated with cerebral cortex

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3
Q

Sensory Modalities

A

Unique types of sensations; One sensory neuron -> one type of sensory modality

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4
Q

General Senses

A

Tactile - touch, pressure, vibration; Thermal - warm/cold; Proprioceptive - position of body part in 3D space; Pain; Visceral

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5
Q

Special Senses

A

Smell, vision, taste, hearing, equilibrium/balance

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6
Q

1st Step of the Process of Sensation

A

Stimulation of sensory receptor -> via change in internal/external environment

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7
Q

2nd Step of the Process of Sensation

A

Transduction of Stimulus -> stimulus energy converted to graded potential, 1 sensory receptor sensitive to only 1 type of stimulus

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8
Q

3rd Step of the Process of Sensation

A

Generation of AP -> when graded potentials reach threshold, PNS to CNS

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9
Q

4th Step of the Process of Sensation

A

Integration of sensory input -> APs interpreted by association areas within cerebral cortex

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10
Q

Signaling Pathways: 1st Order Neurons

A

Somatic sensory receptors; conduct information from various body regions to brainstem or spinal cord

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11
Q

Signaling Pathways: 2nd Order Neurons

A

Conduct impulses from brainstem and spinal cord to thalamus

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12
Q

Signaling Pathways: 3rd Order Neurons

A

Conduct impulses from thalamus to primary sensory are in cerebral cortex

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13
Q

Sensory Receptors: Free Nerve Endings

A

Bare dendrites (1st Order) not covered by CT capsule; No special adaptations

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14
Q

Sensory Receptors: Encapsulated Nerve Endings

A

Dendrites (1st Order) enclosed by CT capsule

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15
Q

Sensory Receptors: Separate Specialized Cells

A

Sensory Receptors that synapse with 1st Order neurons; Epithelial-like cells that release neurotransmitters

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16
Q

Sensory Receptors: Exteroreceptors

A

Located at or near body surface; Provide information about external environment

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17
Q

Sensory Receptors: Interoreceptors

A

Located in blood vessels, internal organs, muscles, and nervous system; Usually not consciously perceived with exceptions being pain and pressure

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18
Q

Sensory Receptors: Stimuli Detected

A

Mechanoreceptors (Mechanical Stimuli: pressure, tactile, vibration) - detects changes in mechanical pressure; Thermoreceptors (Electromagnetic Stimuli) - detect changes in temperature; Nociceptors - detect stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissues; Photoreceptors (Electromagnetic Stimuli) - detect light striking the retina of eye; Chemoreceptors (Chemical Stimuli) - detect chemicals in mouth (taste), smell (nose) and body fluids; Osmoreceptors

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19
Q

Sensory Receptor Adaptation

A

Occurs when frequency of nerve impulses from 1 order neurons decreases due to prolonged stimulus; Rapidly adapting stimulus (adapt quickly) - specialized for signaling changes in stimulus; Slowly adapting receptors (adapt slowly) - trigger APs as long as stimulus persists

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20
Q

Somatic Sensory Receptors (Non-Encapsulated): Free nerve endings

A

Located in skin and mucous membranes

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21
Q

Somatic Sensory Receptors (Non-Encapsulated): Modified free nerve endings

A

Saucer-shaped dendrites; Located in epidermis; Stimulus: touch, light pressure (mechanical)

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22
Q

Somatic Sensory Receptors (Non-Encapsulated): Hair root plexuses

A

Surrounds hair follicles; Stimulus: bending of hair (mechanical)

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23
Q

Somatic Sensory Receptors (Encapsulated): Meissner’s corpuscles

A

Located in dermal papillae; Stimuli: light touch, light pressure, slow vibrations

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24
Q

Somatic Sensory Receptors (Encapsulated): Pacinian Corpuscles

A

Located in the dermis, subcutaneous layer, submucosal tissue, joints, and periosteum; Stimuli: deep pressure, tickling, fast vibrations

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25
Somatic Sensory Receptors (Encapsulated): Ruffini corpuscles
Located in the dermis, tendons, and ligaments
26
Proprioceptors (Muscle Spindles)
Composition: nerve endings wrapped around specialized muscle fibers; Located: usually skeletal muscles; Stimuli: muscle stretch which initiates reflexes to resist muscle stretching
27
Proprioceptors (Golgi Tendon Organs)
Location: junction of tendons and muscle; Stimuli: tendon stretch which initiates reflexes to resist tendon stretching
28
Proprioceptors (Joint Kinesthetic Receptors)
Both free and encapsulated dendrites; Location: articular capsules of synovial joints; Function: determine joint position and movement in 3D space
29
Thermal Receptors (Warm receptors)
Less abundant; Located in the dermis: Temp. Range: 90-118F
30
Thermal Receptors (Cold receptors)
More abundant; Located: skin, mucous membranes of mouth, vagina, and anus; Temp. Range: 50-105F
31
Pain Receptors
Free nerve endings -> nociceptors; Location: activated indirectly by intense thermal. mechanical. or chemical stimuli; Indirect mechanism of nociceptor activation
32
Structure of Nerves
Bundles of axons surrounded by CT layers; Epineurium - dense irregular CT, surrounds entire nerve -> groups of fascicles; Perineurium - dense irregular CT, surrounds bundles of axons -> fascicles; Endoneurium - delicate layer of loose CT composed mostly of collagen fibers in abundant matrix, surrounds myelinated and unmyelinated axons
33
Types of Nerves: Sensory Nerves
Axons of sensory neurons only
34
Types of Nerves: Motor Nerves
Axons of motor neurons only
35
Types of Nerves: Mixed Nerves
Axons of both sensory and motor neurons
36
Cranial Nerves: Olfactory (I)
Smell
37
Cranial Nerves: Optic (II)
Vision
38
Cranial Nerves: Oculomotor (III)
Mixed; Sensory: proprioception and movement of upper eyelid/eye; Motor: movement of upper eyelid and eye, extrinsic eyes muscles (superior, medial, and inferior rectus, inferior oblique), pupil constriction and near vision of eye-lens
39
Cranial Nerves: Trochlear (IV)
Mixed; Sensory: proprioception/eye; Motor: movement of eye (superior oblique)
40
Cranial Nerves: Trigeminal (V)
Mixed; 3 branches: ophthalmic - eyes and upward regions, maxillary - below eye regions and upper jaw, mandibular - lower jaw and anterior 2/3 of tongue; Sensory: touch, pain, warm/cold, proprioception; Motor; chewing and swallowing
41
Cranial Nerves: Abducens (VI)
Mixed; Sensory: proprioception/eye; Motor: movement of eye (lateral rectus)
42
Cranial Nerves: Facial (VII)
Mixed (multiple branches associated with facial region); Sensory: proprioception and taste; Motor: facial expressions, secretion of saliva (submandibular and sublingual glands), and tears (lacrimal glands)
43
Cranial Nerves: Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Mixed; 2 branches - vestibular and cochlear; Sensory: equilibrium (vestibular) and hearing (cochlear); Motor: adjusts sensitivity of sensory receptors (hair cells) for both equilibrium and hearing
44
Cranial Nerves: Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Mixed; Sensory: taste, touch, pain, warm/cold, posterior 1/3 of tongue; Motor: swallowing (pharynx and tongue) and saliva secretion (parotid gland); ANS Sensory: monitors blood pressure (stretch receptors), monitors blood O2 and CO2 levels (via chemoreceptors in carotid arteries) for regulating breathing rate an depth
45
Cranial Nerves: Vagus (X)
Mixed; Wide distribution from head and neck to thorax and abdomen; Sensory: taste, touch, pain, warm/cold (epiglottis and pharynx); Motor: swallowing, coughing, and voice production; ANS Motor: smooth muscle contractions in GI tract
46
Cranial Nerves: Accessory (XI)
Mixed; Nerve roots originate from both the brain stem and spinal cord (tortoro) and solely spinal cord (marieb); Motor: cranial root - swallowing, spinal root - movement of head and shoulders
47
Cranial Nerves: Hypoglossal (XII)
Mixed; Sensory: proprioception; Motor: tongue movement during speech and swallowing
48
Classification of Reflexes: Based on Origin
Innate reflexes -> inborn; Acquired reflexes -> learned via practicing
49
Classification of Reflexes: Based on Integration Site
Cranial reflexes -> integrated with brainstem; Spinal reflexes -> integrated with spinal cord
50
Classification of Reflexes: Based on Effectors
Somatic reflexes -> skeletal muscles; Visceral/autonomic -> smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
51
Reflex Arc/Circuit: Sensory Receptor
Internal or external stimulus, graded potentials (dendrites/cell bodies) into AP generated in axon
52
Reflex Arc/Circuit: Sensory Neuron
Afferent pathway -> spinal cord or brain stem
53
Reflex Arc/Circuit: Integration Center
Information is processed by one or more regions within CNS, relay sensory impulses directly to motor neurons
54
Reflex Arc/Circuit: Motor Neuron
Efferent pathway -> specific effector(s)
55
Reflex Communication Pathways
Monosynaptic Reflex Pathway: One synapse between sensory neuron and motor neuron; Polysynaptic Reflex Pathway: Multiple synapses between sensory neuron and motor neuron, usually involves chains of interneurons
56
Phrenic Nerve Injury (PNI)
57
Erb-Duchenne Palsy
58
Median Nerve Palsy
59
Ulnar Nerve Palsy
60
Wrist Drop
61
Femoral Nerve Injury
62
Obturator Nerve Injury
63
Sciatic Nerve Injury (Sciatica)
64
Anosmia
65
External Strabismus
66
Tic Dolourex
67
Internal Strabismus
68
Nerve Deafness
69
Spinal Cord Compression
70
Spinal Cord Injuries
71
Complete Transection and Hemisection
72
Spinal Shock

Anatomy and Physiology (29 decks)

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