The Skeleton (Chapter 7)

Question 1

Axial Skeleton

Answer 1

Skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

Question 2

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 2

Pectoral and pelvic girdles, lower and upper limbs

Question 3

Skull

Answer 3

Cranium, Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Sphenoid, and Ethmoid Bones

Question 4

Cranium

Answer 4

Protects brain, composed of 8 bones, joined via sutures, contains fontanels

Question 5

Frontal Bone

Answer 5

Forehead and portion of nose and superior orbits

Question 6

Parietal Bone

Answer 6

Dorsal to frontal bone and forms roof of cranium

Question 7

Occipital Bone

Answer 7

Base of cranium, foramen magnum is the opening for spinal cord, occipital condyles articulate with atlas (C1)

Question 8

Temporal Bone

Answer 8

Inferior to parietal bones forms side of cranium, external auditory meatus leads to middle ear, mandibular fossa articulates with mandible, mastoid process is site for neck muscle attachments, styloid process is site of tongue and larynx muscle attachment, zygomatic process forms cheekbone

Question 9

Sphenoid Bone

Answer 9

Forms side and base of cranium and floors and sides or orbits, sella turcica is a depression for the pituitary gland

Question 10

Ethmoid Bone

Answer 10

Roof of nasal cavity, crista galli is site for membrane attachments, cribriform plate is passageway for olfactory receptors, perpendicular plate forms nasal septum, superior and middle nasal conchae

Question 11

Facial Bones

Answer 11

Maxillae, Palatine, Zygomatic, Lacrimal, Nasal, Vomer, Inferior Nasal Conchae, Mandible

Question 12

Maxilla

Answer 12

Upper Jaw, palatine processes forms anterior portion of hard palate

Question 13

Palatine Bones

Answer 13

Posterior portion of hard palate, cleft palate (bones do not fuse)

Question 14

Zygomatic Bones

Answer 14

Sides of orbits and cheek bones, process joins zygomatic process

Question 15

Lacrimal Bones

Answer 15

Medial walls of orbits, small groove allows passage of lacrimal sac

Question 16

Nasal Bones

Answer 16

Bridge of nose, ventral portion of nose is cartilage

Question 17

Vomer Bone

Answer 17

Joins perpendicular plate to form nasal septum

Question 18

Inferior Nasal Conchae

Answer 18

Project into nasal cavities

Question 19

Mandible

Answer 19

Lower jaw, ramus is upright projection articulating with mandibular condyle

Question 20

Sutures

Answer 20

Coronal: parietal and frontal, Sagittal: right and left parietal, Lambdoid: parietal and occipital, Squamous: parietal and temporal

Question 21

Hyoid Bone

Answer 21

U-shaped and superior to larynx, acts as anchor for tongue and site of attachment for swallowing muscles, does not articulate with other bones

Question 22

Vertebral Column

Answer 22

C1-7, T1-12, L1-5, S1-5, Coccyx 3-5

Question 23

Structure of Vertebrae

Answer 23

Body: increases in size towards base of column, Vertebral Foramen: passageway for spinal cord, Spinous Process: cervical - short and bifid, thoracic - long/slender and dips down, lumbar - massive and project posteriorly, Superior and Inferior Articulating Processes - joins vertebrae

Question 24

Atlas and Axis

Answer 24

Atlas: supports and balances head, allows forward and backward movement of head; Axis: odontoid process, allows side to side pivoting of head

Question 25

Intervertebral Discs

Answer 25

Fibrocartilage cushions vertebrae, prevents grinding and absorbs shock caused by normal movements, allows bending of vertebrae in more than one direction

Question 26

Thoracic Cage

Answer 26

Protects heart and lungs, plays role in breathing, supports shoulder bones

Question 27

Ribs

Answer 27

1-7 "true ribs," 8-12 "false ribs," 11/12 "floating ribs"

Question 28

Sternum

Answer 28

Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid Process

Question 29

Pectoral Girdle

Answer 29

Supports arms, site of arm muscle attachment, weakly attached via ligaments and muscles and is easily dislocated

Question 30

Clavicles

Answer 30

S-Shaped and articulate with manubrium and scapula, stabilizes shoulder and is easily fractured

Question 31

Scapula

Answer 31

Acromion process which articulates with clavicle, glenoid cavity articulates with head of humerus

Question 32

Upper Limb (Arm)

Answer 32

Humerus, Radius and Ulna, Hand

Question 33

Humerus

Answer 33

Head and various processes for muscle attachments, capitulum articulates with radius, trochlea articulates with ulna

Question 34

Radius

Answer 34

Head articulates with humerus

Question 35

Ulna

Answer 35

Trochlear notch articulates with humerus, head articulates with carpals

Question 36

Hand

Answer 36

Carpal Bones (8): wrist, metacarpal bones (5): palm, Phalanges: 2/thumb, 3/fingers

Question 37

Pelvic Girdle

Answer 37

Bears weight of body, attachment for legs, protects pelvic organs

Question 38

Coxal Bones

Answer 38

Ilium: flares out and hip prominence, Ischium: inferior part, Pubis: anterior portion, pubic symphysis: joining of pubic bones, obterator foramen: large opening for blood vessels and nerves to leg, acetabulum: depression articulating with femur

Question 39

Lower Limb

Answer 39

Femur, Tibia and Fibula, Foot

Question 40

Femur

Answer 40

Head: lateral/medial condyles articulate with tibia, patellar surface articulates with patella

Question 41

Tibia

Answer 41

Shin bone: medial/lateral condyles articulate with femur, medial malleolus is bulge of inner ankle

Question 42

Fibula

Answer 42

Head articulates with tibia, lateral malleolus is bulge of outer ankle

Question 43

Foot

Answer 43

Tarsal bones (7): form ankle, Metatarsal bones (5): sole of foot, Phalanges: 2/big toe. 3/little toes

Question 44

Hip Fractures

Answer 44

Causes: femur fractures between head and shaft; Symptoms: pain, inability/trouble bearing body weight, trouble moving

Question 45

Clubfoot

Answer 45

Causes: structural and postural; Symptoms: present at birth and associated with irregularities in foot and ankle structure

Question 46

Knock-Knee

Answer 46

Causes: develop of leg growth over time; Symptoms: lower appendages turning inward around knee

Question 47

Bowleg

Answer 47

Causes: abnormal bone development or during birth; Symptoms: exaggerated bend in legs outward

Question 48

Bunion

Answer 48

Causes: big toe is angled toward second toe; Symptoms: pain and difficulty walking

Question 49

Scoliosis

Answer 49

Causes: sideways curvature of spine; Symptoms: uneven shoulders, one shoulder blade appearing more pointed, uneven waist

Question 50

Lordosis

Answer 50

Causes: lumbar spine has excessive inward curvature; Symptoms: often no symptoms

Question 51

Kyphosis

Answer 51

Causes: "hunchback" or forward rounding of upper spine; Symptoms: little to no symptoms

Question 52

Herniated or Slipped Disc

Answer 52

Causes: Injury to spine, disc slips or ruptures, presses against spinal cord and causes pain; Symptoms: pain, numbness, and weakness in legs and buttocks

Question 53

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Answer 53

Causes: passageway on palmar side of wrist that connects forearm to palm; Symptoms: burning, tingling, or itching numbness in palm and fingers, decreased grip strength

Question 54

Cleft Palate

Answer 54

Causes: characterized by a split in upper lip and roof of mouth; Symptoms: split in lips

Question 55

Spina Bifida

Answer 55

Causes: birth defect where neural tubes never develop; Symptoms: differs in severity