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GI > Boobies > Flashcards

Boobies Flashcards

1
Q

Fat necrosis?

A 
Direct trauma to the breast
e.g. accident, breast surgery
Fibrosis
Foam cells
Lymphocytosis
Skin tethering
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2
Q

Acute mastitis?

A

Milk stasis leading to infection with S. Aureus
Poor attachment of baby
Continue feeding

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3
Q

Most common benign breast tumour?

A

Fibroadenoma

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4
Q

Fibroadenoma?

A

Stag-horn cell arrangement

Changes size with oestrogen exposure

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5
Q

Serous/bloody nipple discharge?

A

Intraductal papilloma

Fibrovascular stalk

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6
Q

Phyllodes tumour?

A

Leaf like cell tumour

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7
Q

Intraductal carcinoma in Situ

A 
Non palpable
No basement membrane penetration
E-Cadherin present
Myoepithelium cell layer in tact
Calcifications
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8
Q

Interlobular carcinoma in Situ?

A

Non palpable
No basement membrane penetration
E-Cadherin not present

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9
Q

Invasive lobular carcinoma?

A

Single file arrangement of cells
Progression of LCIS
Can occur bilaterally

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10
Q

Most common malignant tumour?

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

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11
Q

Invasive ductal carcinoma?

A

Firm breast mass

Metastasises to the lung - cannonball

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12
Q

Paget’s disease of the breast?

A

Arises from DCIS
Cells move from duct to dermis
Erythematous, scaly, crusted lesion
Histology - clear halo - excess cytoplasm - Paget cell

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13
Q

Inflammatory carcinoma?

A

Peau d’Orange
Invasion of dermal lymphatics
Skin dimpling

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14
Q

Breast screening programme?

A

Every 3 years
47-73
Mammogram - 4 images

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15
Q

Incidence of breast cancer?

A

1 in 8 women

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16
Q

Benefit of screening?

A

43 deaths prevented for every 10,000

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17
Q

What happens at breast clinic?

A

Triple assessment
Clinical assessment
Mammogram
Ultrasound

18
Q

What is Cowden’s syndrome?

A 
PTEN gene mutation
Breast cancer
Thyroid cancer
Uterine cancer
Hamartomatous lesion of skin
19
Q

Genes involved with breast cancer risk?

A 
BRCA1 - 65-85%
BRCA2 - 40-85%
TP53 - young age 
PTEN
ATM
CHEK2
BRIP1
PALB2
20
Q

Risk factors for breast cancer?

A 
Gene carrier
Age
Family history
Nulliparity
No breastfeeding
Early menarche
Late menopause
Chest radiation
Obesity + western diet
Alcohol consumption
HRT
Combined pill
21
Q

What is lymphedema?

A

Swelling in arms/legs caused by abnormal drainage in your lymphatic system

22
Q

Causes of lymphedema?

A 
Primary - congenital malformation of lymphatic system
Secondary:
Removal of nodes
Radiotherapy
Infection
Trauma
DVT
Inflammation 
Overweight or immobile
23
Q

Symptoms of lymphedema?

A 
Uncomfortable swelling
Restriction of movement
Heaviness/aching limb
Tight skin
Leaking clear fluid
Skin thickening
24
Q

Complication of lymphedema?

A

Cellulitis

Red, hot, painful, swollen skin with fever

25
Q

Risk reduction of breast cancer?

A

Avoid hormonal contraception in high risk patient
Limit alcohol consumption
Smoking cessation
Weight loss advice
Tamoxifen - reduce risk in high risk patients
Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy - very high risk patients

26
Q

Why multimodality examination at breast clinic?

A

Allows for differentiation between benign and malignant growths
Mammogram - detect lumps not yet palpable
Better idea of prognosis
Less false-positives
Less false-negatives

27
Q

Risk of mammogram?

A

Worry factor
Over diagnosis
False reassurance
Risk of radiation

28
Q

Reasons for wide local excision?

A

Solitary lesion
Peripheral tumour
Small lesion in large breast
DCIS <4cm

29
Q

Post wide local excision?

A

Whole breast radiotherapy

Recurrence reduces by 2/3

30
Q

Reasons for mastectomy?

A

Central lesion
Multifocal tumour
Large lesion in small breast
DCIS >4cm

31
Q

When do you give radiotherapy post mastectomy?

A

T3 and T4 tumours

32
Q

Oestrogen receptor positive tumour treatment?

A

Pre-menopause - tamoxifen
Peri-menopause - tamoxifen
Post-menopause - anastrozole

33
Q

Side effects of tamoxifen?

A

Risk of endometrial cancer
VTE
Menopausal symptoms

34
Q

Treatment for HER2 positive patients?

A

Trastuzumab

Cannot be given with history of heart disorders

35
Q

Bilateral, colourless nipple discharge

A

Hormonal changes

36
Q

Duct ectasia?

A

Dilation in breast ducts
Thick, green discharge
Slit like retraction of the nipple
Most common in smokers

37
Q

Other cause of breast discharge?

A

Hyperprolactinemia

38
Q

Snowstorm sign?

A

Implant rupture

39
Q

BRCA1 inheritance?

A

50%

40
Q

Pathogen causing breast abscess?

A

S. Aureus

41
Q

Fibroadenosis

A

Multiple fibroadenomas
Painful, lumpy breasts
Affected by hormones

GI (9 decks)

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