Book 29 Ch 2 - Building Construction Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
________ timbers have been replaced by smaller dimension lumber, and petrochemical based compounds have replaced conventional building materials, regardless of building size
A
Heavy
2
Q
As architects reduce the mass and change the chemical composition of building materials, we are losing one of our most valuable factors: _______
A
Time
3
Q
The integrity of a working surface (i.e., ______ and _______ decking) must be evaluated for safe operations
A
Roof & floor
4
Q
Ladders should be placed to the strong area of a building. This results in __________ and __________ for ladder operations. Special hazards such as Facades must be recognized and avoided
A
Stability & Strength
5
Q
Basically, a size-up consists of three operations as follows:
1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
A
- Analyze the situation
- Decide on a plan (Strategy)
- Put the plan into operation (Tactics)
6
Q
Conventional construction utilizes structural members that depend on ______ for _________
A
Size
Strength
7
Q
SIZE = STRENGTH - Structural members may be __ x __ inches for strength
A
8 x 8
8
Q
LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION - Strength is obtained from multiple members that are in _____________ and __________
A
Compression & Tension
9
Q
LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION - The strength of the individual structural member is dependent on the total _____ of the other members; therefore, if one member fails, others may fail
A
Sum
10
Q
A single lightweight truss structural member can span ___-feet and may be comprised of __ x __’s in compression and tension to form an integral unit
A
70
2 x 4’s
11
Q
Lightweight construction is vastly different due to ______ construction that depends on the sum total of members for strength
A
Truss
12
Q
Remember, the ability to accurately estimate the amount of time that a structure can be considered structurally strong is dependent on the following factors:
1. ______________________
2. ______________________
3. ______________________
A
- Type of Construction
- How long the fire has been burning
- Fire intensity
13
Q
For size-up considerations, roof styles can be divided into the following categories:
1. _________
2. _________
3. _________
4. _________
5. _________
6. _________
A
- Gable
- Hip
- Flat
- Bridge Truss
- Arch
- Sawtooth
14
Q
GABLE ROOF - __ frame configuration of conventional or ordinary construction that consists of a ridge board and rafters that cross the outside walls
A
A
15
Q
GABLE ROOF - Rafters are usually __ x __ inches or larger and are usually ___ inches to ___ inches “on-center.”
A
2 x 6
16 to 24
16
Q
Additional support is provided by _____ beams and ceiling joists. This roof is found in semi-flat to steep pitch configurations
A
Collar
17
Q
As detailed earlier in this section, 2 x 6 inch rafters (spaced up to ___ inches “oncenter” for steep pitched roofs) were commonly utilized for roof structural members
A
36
18
Q
Bungalow & Gable Roofs: Additionally, the ridge was comprised of __ x __ inch ridge board or the lack of a ridge board which resulted in the __ x __ inch rafters butted together
A
1 x 6
2 x 6
19
Q
Lightweight construction utilizes __ x __ or __ x __ inch wood trusses held together by metal ________ plate connectors
A
2 x 3
2 x 4
Gusset
20
Q
Metal gusset plate connectors may vary in size, thickness, and depth of penetration. The most common are ___ gauge steel plates with prongs that produce ____ inch penetration
A
18
3/8
21
Q
Lightweight construction - Interior partition walls may not support the ______ at any point along the bottom chord
A
Truss
22
Q
Lightweight construction - ___-gauge “roof truss clips” may be found nailed to the bottom chord (every __ to __ trusses) and top plate of interior walls
A
18
3 to 5
23
Q
Common “on-center” spacing for truss rafters is ___ inches
A
24
24
Q
GABLE ROOF - Conventional construction utilizes ridge boards and rafters of __ x __ inches or larger
A
2 x 6
25
The use of 2 x 4 inch ________ with no ridge board is similar in appearance, size and structural integrity to lightweight 2 x 4 inch ________
Rafters
Trusses
26
When metal connector plates and surrounding wood are exposed to fire, the connector plates will quickly fail by _________ out of the wood
Pulling
27
Newer roofs use ____ or ____ inch plywood as a decking instead of 1 x 4 inch or 1 x 6 inch space sheathing
3/8
½
28
________ rafters are utilized where two roof lines join together
Valley
29
HIP ROOF - The ridge board and rafters are usually __ x __ inches or larger
2 x 6
30
HIP ROOF - Rafters are usually ___ to ___ inches "on center," similar to the gable roof
16 to 24
31
HIP ROOF - "Rough cut" __ x __ or __ x __ inch rafters ___ inches "on-center" were also utilized in older wood frame structures with ______ pitched roofs
2 x 3 or 2 x 4
36
Steep
32
HIP ROOF - Additionally, tile and other related materials need to be __________ prior to roof ventilation operations
Removed
33
BRIDGE TRUSS ROOF - These roofs are found on various types and sizes of commercial buildings primarily constructed during the 19___'s and 19___'s
30’s & 40’s
34
BRIDGE TRUSS ROOF - Wooden truss members are built from __ x ___ inch lumber
2 x 12
35
BRIDGE TRUSS ROOF - Rafters are __ x __ inches or larger and covered by __ x __ inch sheathing (diagonal or straight) and composition roofing material
2 x 6
1 x 6
36
BRIDGE TRUSS ROOF - ________ sheathing was utilized prior to 1933, and ________ sheathing was utilized after 1933
Straight
Diagonal
37
BRIDGE TRUSS ROOF - Plywood decking (installed over existing) is utilized, if modified for the ____________ Ordinance
Earthquake
38
BRIDGE TRUSS ROOF - However, depending on the type of fire, this roof predictably fails in __________
Sections
39
BOWSTRING ARCH ROOFS - This popular type of roof was constructed during the 19___'s, 19___'s, and 19___'s on both small and large commercial type structures
1930's, 1940's, and 1950's
40
BOWSTRING ARCH ROOFS - Usually a large size (__ x ___ or __ x ___ inch) of lumber comprises the arch trusses and related members
2 x 12 or 2 x 14
41
BOWSTRING ARCH ROOFS - Rafters are __ x __ inches or larger and covered by __ x __ inch sheathing (diagonal or straight) and composition roofing material
2 x 6
1 x 6
42
LAMELLA ARCH ROOF - An egg crate, geometric or diamond-patterned roof. Constructed from __ x ___ inch wood framing with steel ________ and ________ at junctions of framing
2 x 12
Plates & Bolts
43
LAMELLA ARCH ROOF - Roof decking is __ x __ inch sheathing and composition roofing material
1 x 6
44
LAMELLA ARCH ROOF - This type of an arch roof is supported by exterior ___________ or internal tie rods with turnbuckles, and is common on ____________, large buildings used for recreational activities, large supermarkets, etc.
Buttresses
Gymnasiums
45
LAMELLA ARCH ROOF - Although these roofs offer some protection when exposed to fire, total roof collapse may occur if fire removes more than ___% of the roof structure. Total roof collapse of the roof can result from "the ________ effect."
20
Domino
46
TIED TRUSS ARCH ROOFS - Although this roof is similar in appearance to bowstring arch and lamella roofs, it is significantly different in that it is an arched roof that uses metal _____ _____ to offer lateral support for the walls of the building
Tie Rods
47
TIED TRUSS ARCH ROOFS - Tie rods (usually ____ inch in diameter) with turnbuckles are used below each arch member to ensure the arches do not push the exterior walls outward
5/8
48
TIED TRUSS ARCH ROOFS - The tie rods, which are in ____________, provide lateral support for the exterior walls and prevent the arches, which are in ____________, from pushing the exterior walls outward and collapsing the building
Tension
Compression
49
SAWTOOTH ROOF - Used on commercial buildings to yield additional ______ and ___________ for manufacturing type occupancies
Light
Ventilation
50
SAWTOOTH ROOF - is constructed with rafters of __ x __ inches or larger and utilizes wood and/or metal supports for bracing
2 x 8
51
SAWTOOTH ROOF - for bracing. The sloping portion is covered with __ x __ inch sheathing (or ___ inch plywood in newer roofs) and composition roofing material
1 x 6
½
52
CONVENTIONAL FLAT ROOF - Wood rafters of various sizes (__ x __ inches and larger) are laid across outside walls, or outside wall to interior walls/structural supports
2 x 6
53
CONVENTIONAL FLAT ROOF - Rafters are covered with __ x __ inch sheathing or plywood (in newer applications) and composition roofing material
1 x 6
54
NEWER CONVENTIONAL FLAT ROOF - Plywood which may be found in ____ inch to ____ inch thickness’ offer minimal structural integrity under fire conditions
3/8
5/8
55
Open web construction is ______________ at the factory before installation
prefabricated
56
__ x __ inch are used as chords, but __ x __ inch chords are common
2 x 4
2 x 3
57
Wooden I Beam - The stem is joined to the top and bottom chords by a continuous glued-edge joint, and may be constructed from ____ inch plywood or "_____-_____" of the same thickness
3/8
Chip Board
58
WOODEN I BEAM ROOF - The common on-center spacing is ___ inches
24
59
WOODEN I BEAM ROOF - Nailing blocks are placed _____________ to the top chords and are spaced four feet apart. This provides an additional nailing surface for the 4' x 8' sheets of plywood
Perpendicular
60
When plywood decking is nailed to structural members a method termed "____________ nailing" is employed
Diaphragm
61
OPEN WEB ROOF - The steel tube web members are prefabricated from __ to __ inch cold rolled steel tubing with the ends pressed flat into a semicircular shape with a hole punched through the end
1 to 2
62
OPEN WEB ROOF - These flattened ends are inserted into slots in the chords and steel pins (up to __ inch) are driven through the chord members and flattened ends of the web member, completing the assembly
1
63
OPEN WEB ROOF - Spans to ___-feet are possible using a single 2’ x 4’ or __ 2’ x 3's as top and bottom chord members. This is possible by joining different lengths in glued, mitered "______ joints."
70
2
Finger
64
METAL GUSSET PLATE ROOF - ___ gauge steel plates with prongs that produce ____ inch penetration are common and used in a wide variety of applications
18
3/8
65
METAL GUSSET PLATE ROOF - Utilization of 2” x 4”s in a span of up to ___ feet may be found in flat metal gusset plate roofs
80
66
METAL GUSSET PLATE ROOF - Dwellings will use ____ inch or ___ inch plywood
3/8
½
67
PANELIZED ROOF - It consists of __ major components
4
68
PANELIZED ROOF - It consists of four major components:
1. ____________
2. ____________
3. ____________
4. ____________
1. Beams (laminated wood or metal)
2. Purlins
3. 2 x 4 inch joists
4. 1/2 inch plywood decking
69
PANELIZED ROOF - Laminated beams of various sizes (__ x ___ inch is common) are initially installed spanning the length or width of the building
6 x 36
70
PANELIZED ROOF - Main beams are spaced between ___ and ___ feet apart
12 and 40
71
PANELIZED ROOF - Beams may be bolted together to provide lengths well in excess of ____ feet
100
72
PANELIZED ROOF - Supported by these beams, wooden purlins are installed with metal hangers on __ foot centers
8
73
PANELIZED ROOF - A common size for a purlin is __ x ___ inches with the length depending on the spacing of the beam
4 x 12
74
PANELIZED ROOF - Sheets of 4 x 8 feet x __ inch plywood are nailed over this framework
½
75
PANELIZED ROOF - The strengths of this roof are:
- ________
- ________
- ________
- Beams
- Purlins
- Building Perimeter
76
PANELIZED ROOF - ______ Paper will give off ____________ gases that rise and build up between the insulation paper and plywood decking. When the ignition temperature of the gases is reached, the gases will flash, resulting in heavy char to the surrounding wood and burning insulation paper dropping to the floor below (which contributes to rapid spread of the fire)
Kraft
Flammable
77
OPEN WEB BAR JOIST ROOF - Top and bottom chords are usually made from ____ inch steel and web supports are solid ____ inch steel bar
1/8
5/8
78
OPEN WEB BAR JOIST ROOF - Large buildings may have bar-joists used as girders spaced up to ___ feet
45
79
OPEN WEB BAR JOIST ROOF - Additionally, 4 x 8 foot sheets of ___ inch plywood with __ x __ inch joists are gaining popularity. This roof may have composition covering the decking
½
2 x 4
80
LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE ROOF - An air- entrained mixture of sand, cement and, occasionally, pea gravel is pumped on top of the corrugated metal decking and __ x __ inch or __ x __ inch wire mesh
4 x 4
6 x 6
81
LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE ROOF - thickness of __ to __ inches
3 to 4
82
LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE ROOF - Use a rotary saw with a __________ blade or __________ tipped wood blade to cut ventilation openings
Diamond
Carbide
83
CORRUGATED - Remember, steel loses its tensile strength at _______ degrees F, and aluminum or fiberglass offers little resistance to fire
1000
84
METAL BEAM - When exposed to sufficient heat, metal beams can expand __" per ____' which can push out walls, etc
9”
100’
85
TILT UP - These buildings are easily identified by their exterior appearance and can be up to __ stories in height
5
86
Pre-1933 - Mortar consisting of ______ and ______ only, no cement.
Sand & Lime
87
Pre-1933 - Lack of steel reinforcing ______ ("rebar").
Rods
88
Pre-1933 - Brick exterior walls about ___ inches thick.
13
89
Pre-1933 - Parapet walls can be __ feet above the roof line, and __ feet or more if used as a facade on the front of a building
3
5
90
Pre-1933 - Floor and roof joists that are "____" (penetrated or resting in a cavity) into the inside of the exterior walls
Let
91
Pre-1933 - __________ roof sheathing.
Straight
92
Pre-1933 - Roof and floor joists that are "______ ____" (ends were cut with an angle) so they would pull loose from the exterior walls during a fire and collapse into the interior of the building without pulling down the exterior walls
Fire Cut
93
Post 1933 - After the disastrous ____________ Earthquake of 1933, building codes were revised to provide better earthquake safety for new masonry buildings
Long Beach
94
Post 1933 - Exterior walls are required to be at least __ inches thick.
9
95
Post 1933 - Masonry walls are required to be reinforced with steel "______."
Rebar
96
Post 1933 - All joists and rafters are required to be anchored to exterior walls. This is usually accomplished by bolting a "________ board" to a masonry wall and attaching the joist and rafters to the ledger board with metal hangers
Ledger
97
Post 1933 - __________ utilized in the mortar.
Cement
98
Post 1933 - __________ roof sheathing
Diagonal
99
_____________ Earthquake of 1959
Tehachapi
100
Post 1959 - A __ to __ inch concrete bond-beam cap to be laid on top of lowered parapet walls along public ways and exits
4 to 6
101
Post 1959 - Parapet walls should not be higher than ___ inches in pre 33 including the bond-beam cap, and most importantly;
16
102
Post 1959 - Exterior walls drilled at the roof rafter level and a steel anchor bar/rod installed every __ feet and attached to the existing roof rafter
4
103
Post 1959 - The __________ Earthquake of 1971
Sylmar
104
Post 1971 - Anchoring ______ to ______ and _______ systems (diagonal bracing)
Wall
Floor
Roof
105
Post 1971 - Strengthening roof construction (_________, ________ straps, etc.)
Plywood
Metal
106
Brick Identification - In every __ to __ row of bricks, one row will have been laid "on-end." This row of bricks is referred to as the "king row" and is for additional strength
4 to 7
107
Some URM have made efforts to improve the appearance but the following indicators can be easily identified:
- ________ windows
- ______-______ over the windows
- _______ tie plates
- Recessed
- Bond-Beam
- Rafter
108
Metal straps across the width of the roof and attached to opposing walls. The straps are usually ____ of the length of the building back from the front and rear walls
1/3
109
URM building modifications: Remove the layers of composition and cover the sheathing with ___ inch plywood. This decking is then recovered with composition.
½
110
Exterior walls may suddenly collapse (during fire conditions) outward a distance that is ________ to at least the height of the wall
Equal
111
MASONRY CONSTRUCTION METHODS - The primary danger from collapse are the front and rear ______ of a building
Walls
112
MASONRY CONSTRUCTION METHODS - The safe area are as follows:
1. The _________ of a building
2. A distance at least ________ to the height of the walls away from a building.
Corners
Equal
113
During retrofit modifications, consider: Metal straps across the width of the building and __ to __ feet from walls are hard on power saws
3 to 4
114
BUNGALOW AND BALLOON CONSTRUCTION: constructed between 19___’s - 19___’s, primarily utilized in single family dwellings and multi-story habitational occupancies up to __ stories
20’s - 40’s
4
115
Depending on the particular method that is employed, "curtain" construction can be about ___% faster than conventional construction
60
116
CURTAIN CONSTRUCTION METHODS - Identification of this type of construction is facilitated by: Pre-fire planning& Recognizing the "______" or "smooth" look.
Cube
117
As architects reduce the mass and change the ____________ ___________ of building materials, we are losing one of our most valuable factors: time
chemical composition
118
Facades are utilized to ________ ___________ and machinery on flat roofs
Conceal Equipment
119
Open web bar joist:
Joists are spaced __ feet apart to accept corrugated metal decking covered by alternating layers of tar and tar paper.
8
120
Concrete bond-beams may also have been added for strength over the windows and between the ________ floors of multi-story buildings
Second
