Book Flashcards on Fluids

Question 1

Normal bicarbonate levels

Answer 1

22-26 mEq/L

Question 2

Normal ChlorideLevels

Answer 2

96-106 mEq/L

Question 3

Phosphate normal levels

Answer 3

2.4-4.4 mg/dL

Question 4

Potassium normal level

Answer 4

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Question 5

Magnesium normal levels

Answer 5

1.5-2.5 mEq/L

Question 6

Normal sodium level

Answer 6

135-145 mEq/L

Question 7

Normal Calcium total

Answer 7

8.6-10.2 mg/dL

Question 8

Normal Calcium ionized

Answer 8

4.6-5.3mg/dL

Question 9

Explain diffusion

Answer 9

movement of molecules from a higher concentration to lower concentration
passive action

Question 10

Explain facilitated diffusion

Answer 10

movement of molecules from a higher concentration to lower concentration
requires a protein channel

Question 11

Explain active transport

Answer 11

process in which molecules move against the concentration gradient
requires external energy
sodium potassium pump

Question 12

Explain osmosis

Answer 12

movement of water down a concentration gradient, a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration

Question 13

What is osmotic pressure

Answer 13

the pull from a solution on water, higher the solute concentration, higher the osmotic pressure

Question 14

what is osmolarity

Answer 14

measures the total milliosmoles per liter of solution

the concentration of molecules per volume of solution

Question 15

what is osmolality

Answer 15

measures the number of millosmoles per kilogram of water

Question 16

what is a normal plasma osmolality

Answer 16

275-295 mOsm/kg

Question 17

Isotonic solution

Answer 17

a solution that has the same solute concentration as the cells

Question 18

Hypotonic solution

Answer 18

a solution that is less concentrated than surrounding cells resulting in a net fluid movement into the cells

Question 19

Hypertonic solution

Answer 19

a solution that is more concentrated than surrounding cells resulting in a net fluid movement out of the cells, resulting in cell shrinkage

Question 20

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 20

is the force within a fluid compartment

Question 21

Oncotic pressure

Answer 21

is the osmotic pressure caused by plasma colloids in solution

Question 22

What regulates fluid balance

Answer 22

hypothalmic-pituitary regulation
renal regulation
adrenal cotical regulation
cardiac regulation
gastrointestinal regulation

Question 23

Explain how the hypothalamus and pituitary gland help to maintain water balance

Answer 23

Intact thirst mechanism

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense a body fluid deficit which stimulates ADH release

Question 24

How does aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) maintain water balance

Answer 24

potent sodium retaining and potassium-excreting capabilities

Question 25

What are some considerations for older adults and fluid and electrolytes?

Answer 25

``` especially susceptible structural changes to the kidneys decreased GFR decrease in renin and aldosterone increase in ADH and ANP decreased thirst mechanism ```

Question 26

Causes of ECF volume deficit

Answer 26

``` increase in insensible water or perspiration DI osmotic diuresis hemorrhage GI loss overuse of diuretics Burns ```

Question 27

Causes of ECF volume excess

Answer 27

``` excessive isotonic or hypotonic IV fluids heart failure renal failure primary polydipsia SIADH cushing syndrome ```

Question 28

What are the major actions of sodium

Answer 28

play a role in generation and transmission of nerve impulses Muscle contractility regulation of acid-base balance

Question 29

what is the major regulatory organ of sodium?

Answer 29

the kidneys

Question 30

how do the kidneys regulate sodium levels?

Answer 30

by excreting or retaining water under the influence of ADH & Aldosterone

Question 31

Hypernatremia

Answer 31

an elevated serum sodium, may occur with water loss or sodium gain

Question 32

causes of hypernatremia

Answer 32

IV fluids: hypertonic NaCl, excessive isotonic NaCl, IV sodium bicarbonate Hypertonic tube feedings without water supplements Near-drowning in salt water inadequate water intake excessive water loss disease state