Immunity Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
What are the main functions of immunity
A
Defense
Homeostasis
Surveillance
2
Q
What is an antigen
A
substance that elicits an immune response
3
Q
what are most antigens composed of
A
protein, but some may be composed of large polysaccharides, lipoproteins and nucleic acids
4
Q
what is innate immunity
A
immunity that is present at birth and its primary role is first-line defense against pathogens** Non-specific**
5
Q
what are the primary WBC involved in innate immunity
A
neutrophils and monocytes
6
Q
how fast does innate immunity respond
A
innate immunity responds within minutes to exposure of microorganism because it is non-specific so it does not need prior sensitization
7
Q
How do you get active acquired immunity
A
it results in the invasion of our cells by a foreign microorganism and then develops antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes
8
Q
what is the difference between artificial and natural active immunity
A
natural comes after fighting off an actual infection
artificial comes from receiving an immunization
9
Q
how fast does active acquired immunity respond
A
it takes longer to respond to foreign substances because it takes time to develop (making proper antibodies) but it is a long-term immunity
10
Q
what is passive acquired immunity
A
implies that the host receives antibodies to an antigen rather than synthesizing them
11
Q
what is natural passive immunity
A
transfer of immunoglobulins from mother to baby- IgG
12
Q
what is artificial passive immunity
A
occurs through injection with gamma globulins- injection of human gamma globulins
13
Q
How fast does passive immunity respond
A
immediate effect but it is short lived because the antibodies are not synthesized and because cells do not retain the memory of the particular antigen
14
Q
What are the central lymphoid organs
A
Thymus gland and bone marrow
15
Q
what are the peripheral lymphoid organs
A
lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and gut-, genital-, bronchial- and skin-associated lymphoid tissues
16
Q
where are lymphocytes produced?
A
in bone marrow
17
Q
where do T lymphocytes mature
A
in the thymus gland
18
Q
what are the two major functions of lymph nodes
A
filtration of foreign material brought to the site and circulation of lymphocytes
19
Q
why is the spleen important in immunity
A
the spleen is the primary site for filtering antigens from the blood
20
Q
what are the two types of tissue in the spleen
A
the spleen consists of white pulp and red pulp
21
Q
what cells are in the white pulp of the spleen
A
B and T lymphocytes
22
Q
what lines the pulps and sinuses of the spleen
A
macrophages
23
Q
what lymph tissue is associated with the skin?
A
consists of lymphocytes and langerhans cells - a type of dendritic cells
24
Q
what are the mononuclear phagocytes
A
macrophages and monocytes
25
where are monocytes and macrophages found
monocytes- blood
| macrophage- throughout body- tissue
26
what is the main function of mononuclear phagocytes
responsible for capturing, processing and presenting the antigen to the lymphocyte
27
where do B lymphocytes mature
in the bone marrow
28
what do B lymphocytes differentiated into
plasma cells when activated which plasma cells produce antibodies
29
what do you call batman when he skips church
christian Bale.... Hehehe
30
what is the primary responsibility of T lymphocyte
T lymphocytes are responsible for immunity to intracellular viruses, tumor cells, and fungi
31
what are the categories of T lymphocytes
T Cytotoxic cells and T helper cells
32
how long do T lymphocytes live
T lymphocytes live from a few months to the life span of the individual and account for long-term immunity
33
what is the function of T Cytotoxic cells
they are involved in attacking antigens on the cell membrane of foreign pathogens and releasing cytolytic substances and destroy pathogen
- some may remain as memory cells
34
What is the function of T helper cells
involved in the regulation of cell-mediated immunity and the humoral antibody response
35
what do T 1 helper cells do?
stimulate phagocyte-mediated ingestion and killing of microbes, the key component of cell-mediated immunity
36
what do T 2 helper cells do
stimulate eosinophil-mediated immunity, which is effective against parasites and is involved in allergic responses
37
what are Natural Killer Cells
they are large lymphocytes with large lymphocytes with numerous granules in the cytoplasm
38
what is the function of NK cells
they are involved in recognition and killing of virus-infected cells, tumor cells and trandplanted cells
39
What are dendritic cells
make up a system of cells that are important to the immune system, especially the cell mediated immune response- langerhans
40
what is the major function of dendritic cells
capture antigens at sites of contact with the external environment and then transport an antigen until it interacts with a T cell
- important in activating immune response
41
what do cytokines do
they instruct cells to alter their proliferation, differentiation, secretion, or activity.
The immune response, involves complex interactions of T cells, B cells, monocytes, and neutrophils
42
what is the function of interleukins
they act as immunomodulatory factors, colony-stimulating factors, colony-stimulating factors act as growth-regulating factors for hematopoietic cells
43
what is the function of interfeurons
they are antiviral and immunoregulatory
| activation of NK cell production and activation and inhibition of tumor cell growth
44
what are some negative roles of cytokines
they can cause chronic inflammation, autoimmune disease and sepsis
45
what are the characteristics of IgG
largest serum concentration
found in interstitial fluid and plasma
only immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta
responsible for secondary immune response
46
what are the characteristics of IgA
body secretions, including tears, saliva, breast milk, colostrum
lines mucous membranes and protects body surface
47
what are the characteristics of IgM
found in plasma
is responsible for primary immune response
forms antibodies to ABO antigens
48
characteristics of IgD
plasma
is present on lymphocyte surface
assists in the differentiation of B lymphocytes
49
characteristics of IgE
```
smallest serum concentration
found in plasma interstitial fluids
causes symptoms of allergic reactions
fixes to mast cells and basophils
assists in defense against parasitic infections
```
50
Cells involved with humoral immunity
B lymphocyte
51
Products of humoral immunity
antibodies
52
are memory cells present in humoral immunity
yes
53
what does humoral immunity protect against
bacteria
viruses-extracellular
respiratory and GI pathogens
54
examples of humoral immunity
anaphylactic shock
atopic disease
transfusion reactions
bacterial infections
55
cells involved in cell-mediated immunity
t lymphocytes
| macrophages
56
produces of cell-mediated immunity
sensitized T cells, cytokines
57
are memory cells present in cell-mediated immunity
yes
58
what do cell-mediated immunity protect against
fungus
viruses- intracellular
chronic infectious agents
tumor cells
59
examples of cell-mediated immunity
```
TB
fungal infections
contact dermatitis
graft rejection
destruction of cancer cells
```
60
In humoral response when does an immune response become evident?
4-8 days after the initial exposure
61
what is the first antibody made in humoral response
IgM followed by IgG
62
what are the primary function of cell mediated immunity
```
1- immunity against pathogens that survive inside of cells, including viruses and some bacteria
2- fungal infections
3- rejection of transplanted tissue
4- contact hypersensitivity reactions
5- tumor immunity
```
63
Gerontologic effects on the immune system
thymic involution
decreased cell-mediated immunity
decreased delayed hypersensitivity reaction
decrease interferon synthesis
decreased proliferative response of T and B cell
Decreased primary and secondary antibody responses
increased autoantibodies
64
what is immunocompetence
when the body's immune system can identify and inactivate or destroy foreign substances
65
what happens when the immune system is incompeten
severe infections may occur, immunodeficient diseases, and malignancies
66
what happens when the immune system overeacts
hypersensitivity disorders may occur- allergies
67
what are hypersensitivity reactions
they are immune responses that over react to foreign antigens or its own tissue
68
what are autoimmune disease
hypersensitivity responses when the body fails to recognize self-proteins and reacts against self-antigens
69
what are the antigens in type 1 IgE-mediate
exogenous pollen, food, drugs, and dust
70
what are the antigens involved in type II: cytotoxic hypersensitivity
cell surfaces of RBCs and cell basement membranes
71
what are the antigens involved in type III immune complex reactions
extracellulal fungal, viral, bacterial
72
What are the antigens involved in type IV delayed hypersensitivity
intracellulla or extracellula
73
what are the antibodies involved in Type I mediated hypersensitivity
IgE
74
what are the antibodies involved in type II cytotoxic hypersitivity
IgG, IgM
75
what are the antibodies involved in Type III immune complex hypersensitiviy
IgG, IgM
76
what are the antibodies involved in Type IV delayed hypersensitivity
NONe
77
which hypersensitivity reactions is the complement system involved
Type II and type III
78
what are the major mediators of injury in type I hypersensitivity
Histamines
Mast Cells
Leukotriens
Prostoglandins
79
what are the major mediators of injury in Type II hypersensitivity
Complement Lysis
| Macrophage in tissue
80
what are the major mediators of injury in type III hypersensitivty
Neutrophils
complement lysis
Monocytes and macrophage
lysosomal enzyme
81
what are the major mediators of injury in Type IV hypersensitivity
cytokines
| T cytotoxic cells
82
Examples of Type I hypersensitivity
allergic rhinitis
| asthma
83
Examples of Type II hypersensitivity
transfusion reaction
goodpasture syndrome
immune thrombocytoenic purpura
graves disease
84
Examples of Type III hypersensitivity
systemic lupus erythematosus
| rheumatoid arthritis
85
Examples of Type IV hypersensitivity
contact dermatitis
| poison IVY
86
what is the skin test of Type I hypersensitivity
wheal and flare
87
what is the skin test of Type II hypersensitivity
NONE
88
what is the skin test of Type III hypersensitivity
erythema and edema in 3-8 hr
89
what is the skin test of Type IV hypersensitivity
erythema and edema in 28-48hr - TB test
90
in Type I hypersensitivity which cells do IgE antibodies readily attach to
mast cells and basophils which release potent chemical mediators
91
what happens when a person is first exposed to an allergen in type I hypersensitivity
The allergen binds to B cells --> plasma cells then make a poop load of IgE antibodies to cause reaction--> IgE attach to mast cells and basophils
92
what happens when a person is exposed AGAIN to an allergen in type I hypersensitivity
the allergen binds to IgE on the mast cell or basophil which triggers degranulation of the cells and release the chemical mediators from the granules
93
what is the affect of releasing chemical mediators from granules in type I hypersensitivity
the chemicals attack target tissues causing allergy symptoms: increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, hypotension, increased secretion of mucus and itching
94
what is the anaphylactic localized cutaneous response
a wheal and flare reaction- pale wheal containing edematous fluid surrounded by a red wheal
95
what are the initial symptoms of anaphylaxis
edema and itching at the site of exposure to allergen
96
what are the neurologic symptoms of anaphylaxis
headache
dizziness
parasthesia
feeling of impending doom
97
what are the skin symptoms of anaphylaxis
pruritis
angioedema
erythema
urticaria
98
what are the respiratory symptoms of anaphylaxis
```
hoarseness
coughing
sensation of narrowed airway
wheezing stridor
dyspnea, tachypnea
respiratory arrest
```
99
what are the cardiovascular symptoms of anaphylaxis
hypotension
dysrhythmias
tachycardia
cardiac arrest
100
what are the GI symptoms of anaphylaxis
```
cramping
abdominal pain
nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
```
101
what is the most common type I hypersensitivity reaction
hay fever- allergic rhinitis
102
what are the target affected areas in allergic rhinits
conjunctiva of eyes
| mucosa of upper respiratory tract
103
what are the symptoms of allergic rhinitis
nasal discharge
sneezing
lacrimation
mucosal swelling with airway obstruction
pruritus around eyes, nose, throat and mouth
104
what are the symptoms of asthma
dyspnea, wheezing, coughing, tightness in chest and thick sputum
105
what is atopic dermatitis
a chronic inherited skin disorders characterized by exacerbation and remissions
106
how is cellular tissue destroyed in type II hypersensitivity reactions
activation of the complement system resulting in cytolysis
| enhanced phagocytosis
107
what cells are frequently destroyed in type II hypersensitivity reactions
RBC, platelets, leukocytes
108
what is goodpasture syndrome
disorder involving the lungs and kidneys- it occurs in alveolar and glomerular basement membranes
activates complement system
can cause pulmonary hemorrhage and glomerulaonephritis
109
what do allergy blood tests- test for
they test for IgE antibodies to a specific allergen - done using Elisa
110
what are the cardinal principle steps in managing anaphylaxis
```
1- recognition of signs and symptoms
2- maintenance of a patent airway
3- prevention of spread of allergen by using a tourniquet
4- administration of drugs
5- treatment for shock
```
111
Antihistamines are used to treat?
best to treat allergic rhinitis and urticaria
112
how do antihistamines work
they compete with histamines for receptor sites- should be taken as soon as symptoms appear
113
Sympathomimetic/decongestant drug- epinephrine cause what
they cause peripheral blood vessels vasoconstriction and relaxes bronchial smooth muscles
114
what cells do Sympathomimetic/decongestant drugs work on
mast cells to stabilize them from further degranulation
115
Autoimmunity
is an immune response against self in which the immune system no longer differentiates self from nonself
116
what is the most common lymphocyte?
T lymphocyte
117
what disease do you get from decorating christmas trees
tinselitus
118
guess what
I quit flashcards
119
hehehe
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlqMnDUtfOQ
