Book1 Flashcards by Scot Pfleghaar

adaptation to intimate association with human beings. to tame ( animal) especially by generations of breeding

domestication

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-admixture, or the exchange of alleles between two populations

gene flow

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-a double-stranded molecule that provides the genetic code for an organism, consisting of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and four types of nitrogen bases

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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a group of mammals in the order _____ that have complex behavior, varied forms of locomotion, and a unique suite of traits, including larger brains, forwardfacing eyes, fingernails, and reduced snouts

primates

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all chromosomes, except the sex

autosomes

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alleles are alternative forms of a gene, and they are responsible for differences in phenotypic expression of a given trait ( ex: brown eyes vs green eyes) and the gene of the ABO blood group system)

multiple allele series

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-also posited characteristics ( determined by wants and needs) acquired via inheritance

Erasmus Darwin (1794)

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-an allele that is expressed in an organism’s phenotype if two copies are present, but is masked if the dominant allele is present

recessive

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-an empirical research method in which data is gathered from observations of phenomena, hypotheses are formulated and tested, and conclusions are drawn that validate or modify the original hypotheses

scientific method

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animals with vertebral columns or

subphylum-vertebrata

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-a random change in a gene or chromosome, creating a new trait that may be advantageous, deleterious, or neutral in its effects on the organism

mutation

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the belief that the universe and living organisms originate from specific acts of divine creation, as in the biblical account, rather than by natural processes such as evolution

creationism

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-calculated earth’s age as millions of years -provided geologic evidence necessary for calculating time span of evolution

James Hutton ( 1788)

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capable of producing its own organic

autotrophic

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characteristic of belonging to phylum chordata -the property of being divisible into symmetrical halves on either side of a unique plane

bilateral symmetry

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characteristic of class mammalia is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear in humans and other tetrapods is encased in bone in class mammalia ( eardrum)

typmpanic membrane

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characteristic of class mammalia -teeth differ morphologically ( different teeth)

heterodont dentition

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( chiefly of an animal’s limb or tail) capable of grasping

prehensile

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a classification of life forms

taxonomy

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combines the disciplines of paleontology and physical anthropology, is the study of ancient humans as found in fossil hominid evidence such as petrifacted bones and footprints

paleoanthropology

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-considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology -introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection

On the Origin of Species

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describes how pairs of gene variants are separated into reproductive cells

principle of segregation

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-energy-producing ( ATP) organelles in eukaryotic cells; they possess their own

mitochondria

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the exchange of genetic material

recombination

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-extensively studied fossils

George Cuvier (1796)

- founded demography; only some will find enough food to survive

Thomas Malthus (1798)

-french chemist

Louis Pasteur

-genes coded to produce particular products, such as an enzyme or hormone, rather than

structural genes

genes which turn other genes on and off

regulatory gene

a genetically controlled feature that may appear in organisms of both sexes but is expressed to a different degree in each. the character seems to act as a dominant in one sex and a recessive in the other. ( ex gout in humans)

sex controlled trait

German pioneer naturalist that wrote a book about his explorations of South America from a modern scientific point of view. was one of the first to propose that the lands bordering the Atlantic ocean were once joined

Alexander von Humboldt

gills near pharynx, cavity at the back of the mouth

pharyngeal slits

group of mammals specialized for life in the trees, with large brains, stereoscopic vision, opposable thumbs, and grasping hands and feet

order-primates

group of vertebrate and invertebrate animals that have a notochord, which becomes the vertebral column in humans and other primates

Phylum-Chordata

group of warm-blooded vertebrate animals that produce milk for their young in mammary glands.

class-mammalia

has to eat other organic things to produce materials

heterotrophic

He was a prolific scholar, who most famously published a chronology that purported to establish the time and date of the creation as the night preceding October 23, 4004

Archbishop James Ussher

hollow dorsal nerve cord in phylum chordata

notochord

-humans ____________ complex lacks large, projecting canines in the upper jaw and a diastema, or gap, between the lower canines in the upper jaw and the third premolar. The_________ complex of apes such as gorillas has large, projecting upper canines and a diastema in the lower jaw to accommodate them

non-honing/honing complex

is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts.

binomial nomenclature

is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of

downs syndrome

is a hypothesis that physiological changes acquired over the life of an organism ( such as the enlargement of a muscle through repeated use) may be transmitted to offspring

Theory of acquired characteristics ( Lamarckism)

is an imaginary boundary that runs between Australia and the Asian islands and mainland. This boundary marks the point where there is a difference in species on either side of the line.

Wallace's line

is an obsolete body of though on the ordinary formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms. the idea was that certain forms such as fleas could arise from inanimate matter such as dust, or that maggots could arise from dead flesh

spontaneous generation

is a thin horizontal bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth

hard palate

is the abbreviation for Before the Common/Current/Christian Era

BCE

is the dome-shaped sheet of muscle and tendon that serves as the main muscle of respiration and plays a vital role in the breathing process -a characteristic of class mammalia

diaphragm

is the highest taxonomic rank of

domain/superkingdom

is the scientific study of primates. someone in this type of study, study both living and extinct primates in their natural habitats and in laboratories by conducting field studies and experiments in order to understand aspects of evolution and behavior

primatology

is the study of language

linguistics

-is the view of humankind

anthropology

the jaw or a jawbone, especially the lower jawbone in mammals. a characteristic of class mammalia. _________ with two bones

mandible

the largest organelle in a cell, housing

nucleus

-learned behavior that is transmitted from person to person

culture

located between the canine and molar teeth

premolar

made the case that an abundance of food---enough to feed anyone born-- would allow human population to increase geometrically and indefinitely. It argued that there is simply not enough food for everyone born, so population is limited by food supply.

An Essay on the Principle of Population

mainly protozoans, certain algae, and spores consisting of a single cell

unicellular

-material objects from past cultures

artifacts

means that heterozygous genotype is associated with a phenotype that is more or less intermediate between the phenotypes controlled by the two homozygous genotypes

intermediate expression

mobile multicellular organisms that

Kingdom- Animal ( metazoa)

movement or the ability to move from one place to another

locomotion

a narrow-edged tooth at the front of the

incisors

new somatic cells

mitosis

one or more alternative forms of a gene

allele

the pattern found instead in most mammals ( and believed to be primitive for the group)

diphyodonty

-pioneered taxonomy based on physical appearance

John Ray ( 1660)

-placental

subclass-eutheria

a pointed tooth between the incisors

canine

-posited characteristics acquired via inheritance ( Lamarckism)

Jean-Baptiste De Lamarck ( 1809)

the process by which some organisms, with features that enable them to adapt to the environment, preferentially survive and reproduce, thereby increasing the frequency of those features

natural selection

-proved that fossils are organisms remains

Robert Hooke ( 1665)

the quality of being incapable of mutation. " Darwin challenged the fixity

immutability

the random change in allele frequency

genetic drift

-rediscovered and reinforced Hutton's ideas

Charles Lyell ( 1830)

-refers to an allele that is expressed in an organism's phenotype and that simultaneously masks the effects of another allele, if another one is present

dominant

refers to an organism's ability to maintain a constant body temperature despite great variations in environmental temperature

homeothermic

refers to one phenotypic trait that is affected by two or more genes ( ex: height)

polygenic

refers to the application of the method and

applied anthropology

-refers to the condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on

heterozygous

refers to the condition in which a pair of

homozygous

refers to two different alleles that are equally dominant; both are fully expressed in a heterozygote's phenotype ( ex: blood type)

codominant

-sexual reproductive cells, ova and sperm, that have a haploid number of chromosomes and that can unite with a gamete of the opposite sex to form a new organism

gametes

a space or gap between two teeth

diastema

the stand of DNA found in the nucleus

chromosomes

-studies all aspects of present and past human biology

physical or biological anthropology

-studies past human societies

archaeology

-studies present-day people

cultural anthropology

-studies the construction and use of language by human societies

linguistic anthropology

a taxonomic category of related organisms ranking below a subclass and

infraclass

-testable statements that potentially explain specific phenomena observed in

hypotheses

-the doctrine asserting that cataclysmic events ( such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and floods) rather than evolutionary processes, are responsible for geologic changes throughout Earth's history

catastrophism

a theory that becomes absolutely true

scientific law

the theory that processes that occurred in the geologic past are still at work

uniformitarianism

-the process of cellular and nuclear division that creates two identical diploid daughter cells

mitosis

-the production of gametes through one DNA

meiosis

three-dimensional vision produced by the fusion of two slightly different views of a scene on each retina

stereoscopic vision

a tooth having a broad biting surface adapted for grinding, being one of twelve in humans, with three on each side of the upper and lower jaws

molar

tree-dwelling; adapted to living in trees

arboreal

two bones forming the upper haw and palate of the mouth

maxilla

-unicellular microorganism

archaea

-walking on two feet

bipedalism

was a british naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist and biologist. he is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwins writings in 1858

Alfred Russel Wallace

we are born with a special set of usually smaller and weaker teeth.

milk teeth

what are the 5 fields of study in anthropology?

cultural, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, physical or biological

what are the 6 characteristics that make us human and different from other animals?

bipedalism, non-honing chewing, complex

who is responsible for the law of inheritance and is called the father of

Gregor Mendel

wrote Historie Naturelle, a 44 volume encyclopedia describing everything known about the natural world, wrestled with the similarities of humans and apes and even talked about the ancestory of Man and apes ( 100 years before darwin)

Comte Georges-Louis Leclerc de

-wrote systems of nature

Carolus Linneaus (1735)

Book1 Flashcards

(108 cards)