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ANTH 202 > FlashcardsChapter03 > Flashcards

FlashcardsChapter03

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1
Q

Adenine

A

Complementary base to thymine.

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2
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

An important cellular molecule, created by the mitochondria and carrying the energy necessary for cellular functions.

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3
Q

Amino acids

A

Organic molecules combined in a specific sequence by the ribosomes to form a protein.

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4
Q

Antibodies

A

Molecules that form as part of the primary immune response to the presence of foreign substances; they attach to the foreign antigens.

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5
Q

Anticodons

A

Sequences of three nitrogen bases carried by tRNA, they match up with the complementary mRNA codons and each designate a specific amino acid during protein synthesis.

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6
Q

Antigens

A

Substances, such as bacteria, foreign blood cells, and enzymes, that stimulate the immune system’s antibody production.

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7
Q

Autosomes

A

Nonsex chromosomes.

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8
Q

Coding DNA

A

Sequences of gene’s DNA (also known as exons) that are coded to produce a specific protein and are transcribed and translated during protein synthesis.

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9
Q

Codominance

A

Refers to two different alleles that are equally dominant; both are fully expressed in a heterozygote’s phenotype.

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10
Q

Codons

A

The sequences of three nitrogen bases carried by mRNA that are coded to produce specific amino acids in protein synthesis.

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11
Q

Complementary bases

A

Bases which are always paired together on a double-stranded DNA molecule.

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12
Q

Cross-over

A

The process by which homologous chromosomes partially wrap around each other and exchange genetic information during meiosis.

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13
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Fluid that fills the cell and maintains the cell’s shape.

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14
Q

Cytosine

A

Complementary base to guanine.

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15
Q

Diploid

A

A cell that has a full complement of paired chromosomes.

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16
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Those amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the body; they must be supplied by the diet.

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17
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Organisms with internal compartments separated by membranes.

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18
Q

Free-floating nucleotides

A

Nucleotides which have not joined together.

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19
Q

Gametes

A

Sexual reproductive cells, ova and sperm, that have a haploid number of chromosomes and that can unite with gamete of the opposite sex to form a new organism.

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20
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of chromosomes for an organism or species that represents all the inheritable traits.

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21
Q

Genomics

A

The branch of genetics that studies species’ genomes.

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22
Q

Guanine

A

Complementary base to cytosine.

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23
Q

Haplogroups

A

A large set of haplotypes, such as the Y-chromosome or mitochondrial DNA, that may be used to define a population.

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24
Q

Haploid

A

A cell that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes, half of the genetic material.

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25
Haplotypes
A group of alleles that tend to be inherited as a unit due to their closely spaced loci on a single chromosome.
26
Heritability
The proportion of phenotypic variation that is due to inheritance rather than to environmental influence.
27
Heteroplasmic
Refers to a mixture of more than one type of organellar DNA, such as mitochondrial DNA, within a cell or a single organism's body, usually due to the mutation of the DNA in some organelles but not in others.
28
Heterozygous
Refers to the condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are the different.
29
Homeotic (HoX) genes
Regulatory genes which determine an organism's form and the arrangement of its tissues and organs.
30
Homologous
Matching.
31
Homoplasmic
Refers to nuclear DNA, which is identical in the nucleus of each cell type (except red blood cells).
32
Homozygous
Refers to the condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are the same.
33
Karyotype
The characteristics of the chromosomes for an individual organism or a species, such as number, size, and type.
34
Law of Independent Assortment
One of Mendel's laws which asserts that traits linked to different chromosomes are inherited independently from one another.
35
Law of Segregation
Mendel's First Law, which asserts that the two alleles for any given gene (or trait) are inherited, one from each parent; during gamete production, only one of the two alleles will be present in each ovum or sperm.
36
Linkage
Inheritance of a package of genes from the same chromosome.
37
Locus
The location of an allele, or gene, on a chromosome.
38
Matriline
DNA, such as mitochondrial DNA, whose inheritance can be traced from mother to daughter or to son.
39
Meiosis
Production of new gametes.
40
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
The molecules that are responsible for making a chemical copy of a gene needed for a specific protein, that is, for the transcription phase of protein synthesis.
41
Microsatellites
Repeating sequences in DNA.
42
Mitochondria
Energy-producing (ATP) organelles in eukaryotic cells; they process their own independent DNA.
43
Mitosis
New somatic cells.
44
Monosomy
Refers to the condition in which only one of a specific pair of chromosomes is present in a cell's nucleus.
45
Noncoding DNA
Sequences of a gene's DNA (also known as introns) that are not coded to produce specific proteins and are excised before protein synthesis.
46
Nondisjunctions
Refers to the failure of the chromosomes to properly segregate during meiosis, creating some gametes which abnormal numbers of chromosomes.
47
Nucleotide
Building block of DNA, made up of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a single nitrogen base.
48
Nucleus
The largest organelle in a cell, housing one copy of nearly all genetic material, or DNA, of that organism.
49
Paleogenetics
The science allowing anthropologists to extract DNA from tissues of ancient remains.
50
Patriline
DNA whose inheritance can be traced from father to daughter or son, such as the Y chromosome, which passes from father to son.
51
Peptide bond
Chemical bond that joins amino acids into a protein chain.
52
Pleiotropy
Refers to one gene that affects more than one phenotype trait.
53
Polygenic
Refers to one phenotypic trait that is affected by two or more genes.
54
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A method of amplifying a tiny sequence of DNA for study by incrementally increasing the sizes of a billion copies made from a single template of DNA.
55
Polymorphism
Refers to the presence of two or more separate phenotypes for a certain gene in the population.
56
Polypeptide
Also known as a protein, a chain of amino acids held together by multiple peptide bonds.
57
Prokaryotes
Organisms having cells with no internal compartments.
58
Recombination
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting from a cross-over event.
59
Regulatory genes
Genes which turn other genes on and off.
60
Regulatory proteins
Proteins involved in the expression of control genes.
61
Replication
Act taking place in the nucleus and is part of cell division, leading to the production of new somatic cells or the production of new gametes.
62
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
A single-stranded molecule involved in protein synthesis, consisting of phosphate, ribose sugar, and one of four nitrogen bases.
63
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
A fundamental structural component of a ribosome.
64
Ribosomes
Component of the cell that makes protein from all amino acids.
65
Sex chromosomes
The pair of chromosomes that determine an organism's biological sex.
66
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
Variations in the DNA sequence due to the change of a single nitrogen base.
67
Somatic cells
Diploid cells that form the organs, tissues, and other parts of an organism's body.
68
Structural genes
Genes responsible for body structures, such as hair, blood and other tissues.
69
Structural proteins
Proteins that form an organism's physical attributes.
70
Thymine
Complementary base to adenine.
71
Transcription
The first step of protein synthesis, involving the creation of mRNA based on the DNA template.
72
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
The molecules that are responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.
73
Translation
The second step of protein synthesis, involving the transfer of amino acids by tRNA to the ribosomes, which are then added to the protein chain.
74
Translocations
Rearrangements of chromosomes due to the insertion of genetic material from one chromosome to another.
75
Triplets
Sequences of three nitrogen bases each in DNA, known as codons in mRNA.
76
Trisomy
Refers to the condition in which an additional chromosome exists with the homologous pair.
77
Uracil
One of four nitrogen bases that make up RNA; it pairs with adenine.
78
Zygote
Fertilized egg.

ANTH 202 (6 decks)

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