FlashcardsChapter05

Question 1

Term

Answer 1

Description

Question 2

Adult stage

Answer 2

From about age 20 to the end of the childbearing years, usually by age 50 for women and later for men.

Question 3

Aging

Answer 3

The process of maturation.

Question 4

Allen’s Rule

Answer 4

The principle that an animal’s limb lengths are heat-related; limbs are longer in hot environments and shorter in cold environments.

Question 5

Anthropometry

Answer 5

Measurement of the human body.

Question 6

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 6

The rate at which an organism’s body, while at rest, expends energy to maintain basic bodily functions; measured by the amount of heat given off per kilogram of body weight.

Question 7

Basal metabolic requirement

Answer 7

The minimum amount of energy needed to keep an organism alive.

Question 8

Bergmann’s Rule

Answer 8

The principle that an animal’s size is heat-related; smaller bodies are adapted to hot environments, and larger bodies are adapted to cold environments.

Question 9

Bone mass

Answer 9

Bone matter.

Question 10

Cline

Answer 10

A gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from one population to the next.

Question 11

Cognitive abilities

Answer 11

Refers to the capacity of the brain to perceive, process, and judge information from the surrounding environment.

Question 12

Deciduous dentition

Answer 12

Also known as baby teeth or milk teeth, this is the first set of teeth, which form in utero and erupt shortly after birth.

Question 13

Diaphyses

Answer 13

The main midsection, or shaft, portions of long bones; each contains a medullary cavity.

Question 14

Epiphyses

Answer 14

The end portions of long bones; once they fuse to the diaphyses, the bones stop growing longer.

Question 15

Functional adaptations

Answer 15

Biological changes that occur during an individual’s lifetime, increasing the individual’s fitness in the given environment.

Question 16

Growth velocity

Answer 16

The speed with which an organism grows in size, often measured as the amount of growth per year.

Question 17

Homeostasis

Answer 17

The maintenance of the internal environment of an organism within an acceptable range.

Question 18

Homeothermic

Answer 18

Refers to an organism’s ability to maintain a constant body temperature despite great variations in environmental temperature.

Question 19

Hypercholesterolemia

Answer 19

The presence of high levels of cholesterol in an organism’s blood; this condition may result from the dietary consumption of foods that promote high cholesterol or through the inheritance of a genetic disorder.

Question 20

Hypothermia

Answer 20

A condition in which an organism’s body temperature falls below the normal range, which may lead to the loss of proper body functions and, eventually, death.

Question 21

Hypoxia

Answer 21

Less than usual sea-level amount of oxygen in the air or in the body.

Question 22

Intrauterine

Answer 22

Refers to the area within the uterus.

Question 23

Lactation

Answer 23

The production and secretion of milk from a female mammal’s mammary glands, providing a food source to the female’s young.

Question 24

Life history

Answer 24

The timing and details of growth events and development events from conception through senescence and death.

Question 25

Macronutrients

Answer 25

Essential chemical nutrients, including fat, carbohydrates, and protein, that a body needs to live and to function normally.

Question 26

Melanin

Answer 26

A brown pigment that determines the darkness or lightness of a human's skin color due to its concentration in the skin.

Question 27

Melanocytes

Answer 27

Melanin-producing cells located in the skin's epidermis.

Question 28

Menarche

Answer 28

Refers to the onset of menstruation in an adolescent female.

Question 29

Menopause

Answer 29

The cessation of the menstrual cycle, signifying the end of a female's ability to bear children.

Question 30

Micronutrients

Answer 30

Essential substances, such as minerals or vitamins, needed in very small amounts to maintain normal body functioning.

Question 31

Motor skills

Answer 31

Refers to the performance of complex movements and actions that require the control of nerves and muscles.

Question 32

Nonmineralized

Answer 32

Refers to bone reduced to its organic component.

Question 33

Osteoblasts

Answer 33

Bone-forming cells stimulated by physical activity.

Question 34

Osteoclasts

Answer 34

Cells which remove bone mass in the absence of physical activity.

Question 35

Osteoporosis

Answer 35

The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured.

Question 36

Postnatal stage

Answer 36

From infancy to childhood to the juvenile period to adolescence to adulthood.

Question 37

Prenatal stage

Answer 37

When differentiation and development of all the body organs occur.

Question 38

Rigidity (bone)

Answer 38

Bone's strength.

Question 39

Secular trend

Answer 39

A phenotypic change due to multiple factors. Such trends can be positive (e.g., increased height) or negative (e.g., decreased height).

Question 40

Senescence

Answer 40

Refers to an organism's biological changes in later adulthood.

Question 41

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 41

A difference in a physical attribute between the males and females of a species.

Question 42

Skin reflectance

Answer 42

Refers to the amount of light reflected from the skin that can be measured and used to assess skin color.

Question 43

Stressors

Answer 43

Any factor that can cause stress in an organism, potentially affecting the body's proper functioning and its homeostasis.

Question 44

Sun protection factor (SPF)

Answer 44

The rating calculated by comparing the length of time needed for protected skin to burn to the length of time needed for unprotected skin to burn.

Question 45

Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)

Answer 45

The number of calories used by an organism's body during a 24-hour period.

Question 46

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 46

A disease in which the body does not produce sufficient amounts of insulin or the cells do not use available insulin, causing a buildup of glucose in the cells.

Question 47

Vasoconstriction

Answer 47

The decrease in blood vessels' diameter due to the action of a nerve or of a drug; it can also occur in response to cold temperatures.

Question 48

Vasodilation

Answer 48

The increase in blood vessels' diameter due to the action of a nerve or of a drug; it can also occur in response to hot temperatures.

Question 49

Weaning

Answer 49

The process of substituting other foods for the milk theoretically produced by the mother.