Booklet 1 My Notes 1860-1870 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
Who were the Manchu people
A
Minority racial group from north east China
2
Q
Which racial group is the majority?
A
Han
3
Q
When did the Qing Dynasty rule from and to?
A
1644-1911
4
Q
Role of the emperor
A
. Sons of heaven
. Lived in the Forbidden City
5
Q
Banner armies
A
Local gentry led armies that were divided under 8 banners and were expected to fight for the emperor when called on
6
Q
Tributary states
A
. Looked to China for trade and security
. States included Korea, Vietnam, Tibet, Thailand, Burma and Nepal
7
Q
Was was the system of law?
A
Hierarchal system - most serious crimes are against the imperial household or government
8
Q
How were most crimes punished?
A
Flogging/beatings
9
Q
How were the most serious crimes punished?
A
Death or exile
10
Q
Who was exempt from corporal punishment
A
Scholars and royalty
11
Q
Subsistence farmer
A
Growing crops and raising livestock sufficient for one’s own use without any surplus for trade
12
Q
Canton system
A
Foreigners were restricted trade to 13 officials in Canton, no private trade was permitted and trade had to be made through this port
13
Q
Tael
A
A silver coin or small bar used in trade, China had official currency until 1933
14
Q
Where do most of the population live?
A
Along the Yellow and Yangtze River or in the growing coastal cities like Shanghai meaning the population had access to water for drinking, cooking and cleaning
15
Q
How long is the Yangtze?
A
1,400 miles
16
Q
X% of the world’s farmland supported x% of the world’s population - what does this represent?
A
7% of the world’s farmland supported 20% of the world’s population which represents the efficiency of the farmland
17
Q
What was there little demand for in China?
A
Foreign goods so foreigners had to buy Chinese goods with silver
18
Q
Negatives of Canton system
A
. Kept mainland China cut off from the rest of the world
. Hard to get foreign products into the country
19
Q
Positives of the Canton system
A
Kept trade stable and regulated
20
Q
What was banned by the government in 1800?
A
Foreign import and domestic opium
21
Q
What was banned in 1813?
A
Opium smoking
22
Q
When was opium smoking banned?
A
1813
23
Q
What products was China interested in buying from Britain?
A
Opium and cotton
24
Q
How many Chinese addicts of opium were there by 1820
A
1 million
25
What % of Chinese were subsistence farmers
80-90%
26
What did they farm in the north?
Cotton, fruit and soya beans
27
What did they farm in the south?
Rice, tea, sugar cane
28
More books produced in…….
Chinese than any other language
29
When did China build their first canal compared to Britain
7th century, Britain built their first canal in 1769
30
4 reasons why foreigners find relations with China difficult
. No special considerations for ‘aliens’ under law
. Canton system
. Foreign traders mistrusted and Emperor had no interest in developing diplomatic ties
. Trade with neighbour states for centuries
31
Why did Japan stop trade with China
Could not accept Chinese superiority
32
How was tension between foreigners and China caused by Catholics?
. Missionaries moving in
. Missionaries opened schools teaching politics and the western language
33
How was tension between foreigners and China caused by Europeans?
. Europeans were eager for Chinese decor and goods
. European philosophers exposed Chinese society
34
How was tension between foreigners and China caused by China?
. Law was enacted which sentenced Europeans to death for spreading Christianity
. Bible was translated in 1807 but could only operate under imperial supervision
. British, USA and French missionaries lost popularity as anti foreign feeling grew
35
What were the four problems facing China in the 1790s?
. Growth of luxury in cities
. Spread of corruption in local governments
. Uncontrolled population growth
. Problems with suppressing rebels
36
What age did Gong believe China was in in the 1800s
Age of chaos
37
Why were there few foreigners in China from 1790-1815
. Napoleonic wars left Britain and France few resources to expand
. No other enemies of China were powerful at the time
38
Consoo fund
Mutual guarantee system where each major Hong Kong merchant paid 10% of his trading profits to be used as a cushion in an emergency - by 1810 payments to Qing gov out of the fund reach 1m taels a year
39
Was it the East India Company or private traders that used Opium to encourage trade?
British private merchants not the East India Company which was sanctioned by the British Crown
40
How did the imperial government try to stop opium trade in the 1830s?
. Emphasised health dangers
. Organised five men mutual responsibility towns
41
Who did Lin Zexu write to to stop opium trade?
Queen Victoria
42
What occurred between the British and Chinese in September and October 1839 and where?
Clashes in Hong Kong harbour
43
First opium war in 1840 in 5 stages
. Britain wanted to extend trade into China
. Europe dispatched 16 warships, 4 newly armed steamers and 4000 troops
. June 1842 British captured Shanghai and halted traffic on the Grand Canal
. China could not match Europe, used monkeys, and lost - had to pay compensation
. Hong Kong transferred to British crown
44
Terms of the Treaty of Nanjing (5 terms)
. Peace and friendship between Britain and China
. Opening of 5 cities for British use e.g. Shanghai
. $6 million paid by Qing, further payment of $12 mill
. Abolition of Canton
. Release of British prisoners
45
Why did the British win the first Opium War
. Innovations in technology
. Emergence of steam ships
. 16 war ships
. 400 troops
46
Positives of Opium War for China
. Lin ordered scholars to find information on western nations
. China developed new technology to match the west
47
What was article 8?
. Any privileges to foreign countries must be extended to British subjects
48
How much was the silk trade worth in the 1850s?
$20 million
49
Long term causes of first Opium war
. China rejected permanent representation in Beijing by a British diplomat
. Trade limited to Canton
50
Short term causes of first Opium war
. In 1838 the Emperor prohibited the trade of opium
. 8 million pounds of raw opium were seized in 1838
. 3-5% of population were addicts
51
What were the European strengths in the Opium War?
. 16 warships, 4 newly armed steamers, 4000 troops
. British captured Shanghai in 1842
52
What were the Chinese weakness in the Opium War?
. War junkies could not match armed steamers and cannons
. Monkeys armed with primitive bombs were encouraged to hop onto British ships
. Backward technology
53
Short term results of the Opium War
. China agreed to pay compensation
. In 1855 437 foreign ships entered the port
54
Long term results of the Opium War
. No Canton system
. 5 cities open to British e.g. Shanghai
. Hong Kong transferred to British crown
. In 1844 the French and Americans dictated new treaties
55
When was the second Anglo-Chinese War?
1856-60
56
What were the long term causes of the second Opium war?
. British tried to extend commercial access
. Issue of piracy and law and order
. Original demand for permanent ambassador not met
57
What were the short term causes of the second Opium war?
. Arrow incident
. Emperor was told he was to receive an ambassador and to stop calling the British Yi
58
What were the European strengths in the second Opium War?
. British reinforced by French
. Emperor’s summer palace burnt down
. Attacked Daguerre forts
. British took Canton, Shanghai and moved towards Tianjin
59
What were the Chinese weaknesses in the second Opium War?
. Emperor used hunting as an excuse to retreat - Cixi ruled as concubine
. Military not modernised
. Emperor elide on banner armies
60
Short term results of the second Opium War
. China received nothing
. Opened up more parts for trade
. Allowed missions
. Legalised opium imports
. 10 treaty ports
. Extraterritoriality
. Ambassadors in Beijing
61
Long term results of the second Opium War
. Establishment of Chinese foreign ministry - Zongi Yamen
. By the 1860s foreign influence increased
. Schools teaching foreign languages opened
. Tongrenguan - Interpreters college
62
When was the Tianjin Massacre
June 1870
63
What started the Tianjin Massacre?
Rumours spread throughout China concerning Catholic church activities
64
What was is believed that missionaries did to the Chinese for medicine?
Removed their eyes
65
What happened throughout 1870 at these orphanages and why?
Deaths increased due to outbreaks of disease
66
What did the Chinese believe about baptism and why?
Baptism was often given specifically to those likely to die led to the impression a Christian baptism directly resulted in death.
67
What happened on June 18th 1870?
Three Chinese kidnappers were arrested outside Tianjin
68
When were three Chinese kidnappers were arrested outside Tianjin?
June 18
69
What happened to the kidnappers and what did one of them claim?
The two eldest were executed almost immediately
. The youngest – aged 19 – claimed in public to have sold at least 10 children to the staff and guards of a nearby Catholic orphanage for $6 each
70
What happened outside the cathedral when Chinese officials met with the French?
An angry anti-Catholic crowd gathered outside the Cathedral and smashed windows
71
What did the French Consul do?
Visited the magistrate’s official quarters to lodge angry criticisms
72
What do French and Chinese historians agree that happen?
A container shot a Chinese assistant dead after an agreement with the magistrate
73
Who was murdered by rioters with their bodies dumped in the rivers?
The French Consul and his assistant
74
How did the riot end?
After a number of Catholic institutions and foreign buildings, including the Tientsin Cathedral and four British and American churches, were burned down
75
Who else was killed apart from the French Consular officials?
Two Lazarist priests, approximately 40 Chinese Christians were killed and three Russian traders assumed by the mob to be French
76
What was the final death toll of the riot
60
77
What happened to the nuns during the riot?
Ten nuns of the Daughters of Charity were raped and mutilated by the crowd before being killed.
78
What restored order at Tianjin
Foreign gunboats
79
Who led Chinese negotiations to mitigate the damage?
Zheng Guofan
80
What did Zheng do?
Had eighteen Chinese instigators (scapegoats) executed and removed both the magistrate and much of his staff.
81
How did China apologise to France?
. A Chinese mission of apology sailed to France, under Imperial Commissioner Chung How
. A formal apology was presented to the provisional French Head of State Adolphe Thiers in November 1871
82
What was the impact of the Tianjin Incident
Far-reaching politically and culturally
83
What did the French and Americans refuse to allow China?
Chinese control and protection over the spread of Christianity in the country
84
How did the Qing react to the French and American refusal?
The Qing government replied in turn by refusing to either proscribe or endorse foreign missionaries.
85
What did the fact Europeans and missionaries continue to remain elite and not face serious repercussions mean for China?
Directly led to anti-foreign feeling which led to the Boxer Rebellion of 1900.
86
What did the foreigners symbolise and ruin in Tianjin
. Symbolised oppression
. Ruined Feng Shui by building cathedrals
87
How did self-strengthening benefit China?
. Learning foreign languages like French and English which helped international diplomacy
. Construction of factories like Fuzhou navy yard
88
What was Prince Gong responsible for and when?
In 1862 he set up the first foreign language school in Beijing - school of combined learning
89
Who set up the first foreign language school in Beijing?
Prince Gong
90
Where did the school of combined learning spread to?
Guangzhou and Shanghai
91
What was the immediate impact of foreign language schools?
Introduced organised western learning to China
92
What was the issue with the school of combined learning?
Small scale - never educated more than 200 students at one time
93
What was the other school that was set up helping industry and politics?
Jiangnan arsenal school which taught western maths and sciences
94
Name a factory which was constructed
Fuzhou navy yard
95
How many worked at the Fuzhou shipyard?
. 2000 workers
. Administrative staff of 150
96
What did they do at the Fuzhou shipyard?
Produced ships and had a naval academy for cadet training
97
For how long had China been engaged in domestic rebellion?
Since 1850
98
Ever Victorious army
Britain, France and USA became allies of the Qing and created a foreign army to fight on their behalf
99
What did the Ever Victorious army do to help the Qing?
Led a successful defence of Shanghai during the Taiping attack in August 1860
100
How many men did the Ever Victorious Army have?
5000
101
Benefits of the Treaty of Tianjin
. Opened up ports allowing trade
. 4 ports of Yangtze allowing foreign trade to spread inland
102
What was the impact of raw cotton imports
Textile mills established in major Chinese cities
103
Who did foreign trade benefit and not benefit?
. Did not help peasants who were too poor to buy industrial goods
. Created new commercial class - comparators
104
Comparators
. China’s firs entrepreneurs
. Knowledge of trade routes and foreign firms could have established routes
. Allowed ideas to spread
105
How did missions benefit China?
. Challenged Confucian thinking
. Minorities, women and poor were better treated
. Helped education
. Provided refuge
106
By the turn of the century how many Chinese had converted to protestantism
700,000
107
Protestant school
. Taught a rounded secular curriculum including science, maths, English and Chinese to take up positions in treaty ports
. Western texts translated
108
How did missions benefit China socially?
. Provided famine relief and refuge for opium addicts
. Challenged subservience of women
109
How did increasing foreign intervention benefit China in the years 1860-1870? (6 points)
. Reduced isolation
. Exposed how backward the nation was
. Self-strengthening
. Created stability in country
. Increased trade with other nations
. Missions which challenged Confucianism
110
What was the Tianjin the location of?
The place of the humiliating 1860 treaty
111
What did Zongli Yamen authorise in 1866 - was it successful?
A delegation to undertake a fact finding mission across Europe - unsuccessful as their attention was drawn to tall buildings rather than European democracy
112
When did Zongli Yamen authorise a fact finding mission across Europe?
1866
113
Extraterritoriality
Country is tried under their own laws rather than Chinese
114
What did British authorities set a fixed tariff of?
5%
115
How did the low fixed tariff exploit China?
Failed to protect Chinese industry as it encouraged mass importation of British goods but these goods were better quality
116
Where was British investment focussed?
Treaty ports and along Yangtze so inland China did not develop
117
What was established in 1865?
The Hong Kong and Shanghai banking corporation
118
When was the Hong Kong and Shanghai banking corporation established?
1865
119
How did increasing foreign intervention not benefit China in the years 1860-1870? (3 points)
. Caused unreasonable as they rejected western ideas
. Exploitation of money and resources
. Economic western influence confined to treaty ports
