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The Making of Modern China Added Info > Booklet 5 My Notes 1978-97 > Flashcards

Booklet 5 My Notes 1978-97 Flashcards

1
Q

Who does Mao meet in 1972?

A

Nixon

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2
Q

When did Mao meet Nixon?

A

1972

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3
Q

Why did Mao meet with Nixon?

A

. China wants the USA’s tech
. USA want cheap labour/product from China
. Ping pong diplomacy
. America removed troops from Vietnam
. China wanted to undermine USSR
. Each country was still guarded

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4
Q

Who did Mao want to be his successor?

A

Hua Guofeng

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5
Q

What 3 groups emerged after Mao’s death?

A

. PLA (Lin Biao)
. Jiang Qing (Gang of Four)
. Bureaucracy (Zhou Enlai)

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6
Q

Who was Hua Guofeng?

A

. CCP
. PRC
. Prominent Maoist

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7
Q

Who was Deng Xiaoping?

A

. Not a Maoist
. People don’t fully trust him

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8
Q

What did Hua do to the Gang of Four?

A

Have them arrested for the Cultural Revolution

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9
Q

Deng vs Hua

A

. Deng will usurp Hua
. Deng is a lot more experienced, has held positions before

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10
Q

Why didn’t the moderates want Hua?

A

Don’t want a Maoist who was associated with the Cultural Revolution

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11
Q

What was Deng’s track record like?

A

. Contacts with the military
. Proven success after saving the economy following the Great Famine

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12
Q

What did Deng want to do to China?

A

Wants to fully industrialise, develop defence, develop agriculture and reform education after the brain drain

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13
Q

How many permanent members are their in the UN Security Council and who are they?

A

5 - France, Britain, USSR, USA and China (originally it was nationalist China)

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14
Q

How many non-permanent seats are on the UN Security Council?

A

10 non-permanent seats

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15
Q

How are the non-permanent seats distributed?

A

A regional basis as follows:
. 5 for African and Asian States
. 1 for Eastern European States
. 2 for the Latin American and Caribbean States
. 2 for Western European and other States

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16
Q

When was the UN Security Council founded?

A

1946

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17
Q

What does each permanent member have?

A

A veto power or can abstain on a vote

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18
Q

What did the USA convince to council to do?

A

Recognise the PRC not China in 1971

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19
Q

How many diplomatic relations did China have in 1970 vs 1989

A

. 1970 - 57 countries
. 1989 - had increased to 137

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20
Q

How did joining the UN Council help trade?

A

. No diplomatic or economic sanctions after Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
. Importance as an international trade partner protected its standing and settled its domestic issues without western interference

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21
Q

How did joining the UN Council help agriculture?

A

Agriculture modernised as is was previously medieval based practices susceptible to famine

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22
Q

How did joining the UN Council help defence?

A

Peace relations and fostered international relations

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23
Q

What were the benefits of China joining the UN Council? (5 points)

A

. Power to veto
. Equal footing with other permanent UN states
. Only Asian and non-western country to be a permanent member
. Modernise China’s domestic economy by acquiring advanced technology
. Secured improved relation with west, leader of 3rd world and criticise USSR

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24
Q

What were the negatives of China joining the UN Council?

A

USA, UK and Britain are capitalist - betrayal of communist principles as some capitalist policies were adopted in China

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25
Q

What did China block in the 1980s?

A

An American secretary general and chose someone from Tanzania

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26
Q

What did China vote against in the 1980s?

A

The Soviets invaded Afghanistan and China voted against the Soviets

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27
Q

What did China vote on in 1990?

A

China voted with the UN in supporting military intervention in Iraq, the World Bank released a loan of US$114.3 million

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28
Q

What did China face after the Tiananamen protest from the UN?

A

China accepted the atrocities but faced no sanctions due to their role in the UN

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29
Q

What % of the votes did China abstain from in the 1970s?

A

52% - way to not make any enemies or disrupt relations

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30
Q

What % of the votes did China abstain from in the 1980s?

A

6% they were more confident and had picked their friends

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31
Q

What did China drop its opposition to?

A

Peacekeeping missions viewing it as a pretext for US ambitions to further international influence

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32
Q

When was the Tiananmen Square Protest?

A

June 5th 1989

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33
Q

What were Deng’s four cardinal principle?

A
  1. The principle of upholding the communist regime
  2. The principle of upholding the people’s democratic dictatorship
  3. The principle of upholding the leadership of the CCP
  4. The principle of upholding Mao Zedong thought and Marxism-Leninism
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34
Q

Why was Deng against western democracy?

A

. Unwilling to comprehend the misery of the common people
. Deng described the struggle for democratic rights as the action’s of troublemakers who must be repressed
. China was too big and diverse and education levels were too low

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35
Q

What is democratic centralism?

A

Combines democracy which allows for free and open discussion and central control which ensures party unity and discussion

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36
Q

Who participated in the Tiananmen Square Protest?

A

. Students - universities
. Workers
. Wei Jingshen -author (15 years in prison)

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37
Q

What caused the Tiananmen Square Protest?

A

. Lack of democracy
. Reform the social system
. Frustration with Mao, Gang of Four and Cultural Revolution

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38
Q

Who wrote an essay which inspired the Tiananmen Square Protest?

A

Wei Jingsheng

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39
Q

What did Wei Jingsheng’s essay call out?

A

. Deng in saying the 5th modernisation is needed - democracy
. Accused Deng of not understanding the common people

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40
Q

What happened to China’s economy in 1989?

A

It slumped

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41
Q

How did the Tiananmen Square Protest start?

A

. In Beijing by students demanding democracy, freedom and rule of law
. Thousands of students poured into the city

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42
Q

Who was there a frequent clash between in Tiananmen Square Protest?

A

Police and protestors

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43
Q

What did the CCP hierarchy accuse the protest of being?

A

Anti-communist, foreign inspired and keen to weaken China

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44
Q

What did student protestors hope to achieve?

A

Modernisations applied to the economy would lead to similar political liberalisations

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45
Q

By May how many demonstrators had joined the protests at Tiananmen and who else joined?

A

. More the a million
. Workers joined

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46
Q

What did Deng do to the protest?

A

. Sent the PLC to disperse the crowds
. Within days the PLC forcibly ended the protest

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47
Q

What were casualty rates at the Tiananmen Square Protest

A

Thousands

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48
Q

Why did Deng end the protests?

A

The USSR leader came to visit China

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49
Q

When did Deng send the PLA in to disperse crowds?

A

June

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50
Q

How many soldiers were sent to the square to put down the protest and what happened?

A

350,000 soldiers sent to the square which turned into a 2 day massacre with 200 deaths

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51
Q

How did international media respond to Deng’s handling of the protest?

A

Condemned the CCP for the human rights abuse

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52
Q

How did the protests spread?

A

To other countries

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53
Q

How did China’s status change internationally after the protest?

A

Did not change with no diplomatic isolation and no economic sanctions

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54
Q

After the protest what did America do to China?

A

Decide to no longer sell China weapons

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55
Q

What does IMF stand for?

A

International Monetary Fund

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56
Q

When was the IMF founded

A

As part of the UN in 1944

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57
Q

Why was the IMF initially created?

A

To prevent events such as the Great Depression of the 1930

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58
Q

How many govern and are accountable for the IMF?

A

189 countries

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59
Q

What is the IMF’s aim?

A

. To Encourage global monetary cooperation
. Create financial stability - main role
. Facilitate trade
. Promote high employment
. Reduce world poverty

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60
Q

What does the IMF do?

A

Provides loans to member countries that can show policies in place to correct underlying financial problems

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61
Q

When was the World Bank created

A

1944

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62
Q

How many members of the World Bank are there?

A
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63
Q

What is the official goal of the World Bank?

A

The reduction of poverty but its decisions are guided by a commitment to promoting foreign investment and international trade

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64
Q

What does the World Bank do?

A

Offers loans for development projects such as Food Security Programme as well as poverty reduction strategies

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65
Q

When did the IMF support Deng and why

A

In 1981 to rebalance the economy and achieve stability by making standby loans available

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66
Q

What did China learn through contact with the IMF?

A

How international economic systems operated

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67
Q

Under IMF supervision what poured into China?

A

Foreign investment

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68
Q

In what ways did the IMF encourage reform? (4 ways)

A

. Decentralisation in China: decision-making was no longer the exclusive preserve of the state
. Less direct government involvement
. Acceptance of free market values such as controlling money supply and interest rates
. Changing the taxation system and extending foreign trade and loans.

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69
Q

What did China open itself to?

A

Western economics, and foreign investment came with training and education

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70
Q

What did China do in 1986?

A

Increased interest rates and devalued the currency on the advice of the IMF

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71
Q

What did IMF membership mean for Chinese economic policy?

A

It became more transparent

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72
Q

Who had a more pronounced effect on China?

A

The World Bank

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73
Q

In 1980 what did the World Bank agree to?

A

5 development loans

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74
Q

When did the World Bank agree to 5 development loans?

A

1980

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75
Q

What were the 5 loans for?

A

. Education
. Increase capacity for containerise freight
. 2 for agriculture
. Enable the China Investment Bank to loan foreign exchanges to small and medium light-industrial businesses

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76
Q

What was the $200 million loan for?

A

Education loan to improve university facilities for science and engineering

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77
Q

How much was the education loan to improve university facilities for science and engineering?

A

$200 million

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78
Q

What was the $125 million loan for?

A

To increase capacity for containerised freight in harbours at Shanghai, Tianjin and Guangzhou

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79
Q

How much was the loan to increase capacity for containerised freight in harbours at Shanghai, Tianjin and Guangzhou?

A

$125 million

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80
Q

What was the $60 million loan for?

A

To improve drainage and irrigation in Shandong, Anhui and Henan

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81
Q

How much was the loans to improve drainage and irrigation in Shandong, Anhui and Henan?

A

$60 million

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82
Q

What was the $75 million loan for?

A

To develop agricultural education and research

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83
Q

How much was the loan to develop agricultural education and research?

A

$75 million

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84
Q

What was the $70 million loan for?

A

To enable the China Investment Bank to loan foreign exchanges to small and medium light-industrial businesses

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85
Q

How much was the loan to enable the China Investment Bank to loan foreign exchanges to small and medium light-industrial businesses?

A

$70 million

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86
Q

Apart from the development loans what else did the World Bank agree to fund?

A

Chinese industrialisation indirectly by arranging loans to the China Investment Bank

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87
Q

From 1980-1997 how many loans did the World Bank issue to China totalling how much?

A

192 loans totalling $30 billion

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88
Q

What project and when did the World Bank launch with China?

A

The Lubuge Hydroelectric Project in 1984

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89
Q

What was the Lubuge Hydroelectric Project in 1984?

A

First Chinese project to introduce international competitive bidding for civil work

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90
Q

What did China consent to from the World Bank?

A

A World Bank report - a full and frank assessment of China’s economy since the establishment of the People’s Republic in 1949

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91
Q

What did the World Bank Report praise?

A

. The provision of health care and education
. The mild redistribution of wealth
. Rapid economic and industrial growth

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92
Q

What did the World Bank Report criticis?

A

. Past errors
. Concluded that the shortfalls of Maoist economics had slowed progress
. There was insufficient emphasis on raising living standards

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93
Q

What did the publication of the World Bank report enable the World Bank to do?

A

Influence macro rather than microeconomics

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94
Q

Apart from the loans what else did the World Bank contribute?

A

. Cost-benefit analysis and appraisal
. Competitive bidding
. Environmental assessment became common.
. Use of modern technologies in grain handling and power generation.

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95
Q

When did the first of the agreed loans go ahead and which one was it?

A

1981 - the education loan

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96
Q

What did the education loan focus on?

A

Focused on science, computer science and engineering departments at leading Chinese higher- education institutions

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97
Q

What was the education loan’s aim?

A

To raise the standard and volume of Chinese graduates

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98
Q

How was the education loan spent?

A

. Purchasing books and equipment to improve laboratories and testing centres
. Developing and equipping computer centres

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99
Q

What did the World Bank demand regarding the loans?

A

20% of all loans had to be spent on training purposes - so China pulled back from previous commitments

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100
Q

What did China want to spend the entire education loan on?

A

Equipment

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101
Q

Of the proposed loans how many materialised instantly and which ones?

A

Only the US$60 million agricultural loan

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102
Q

What did China do in 1982?

A

Resumed activities with the World Bank and the projects went ahead

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103
Q

What perception did the World Bank shift?

A

Of state-run industries and succeeded in disconnecting business and the state

104
Q

What did the World Bank do after Tiananmen Square in 1989?

A

Sent a mission to discuss how economic modernisation could be sustained at a time of domestic political discord

105
Q

What did China become in the early 1990s?

A

The World Bank’s largest borrower

106
Q

Over time where did ventures locate?

A

Inland from the initial coastal sites

107
Q

What did the CCP embark on a programme of reform to create?

A

A socialist market economy

108
Q

China defined the goals and the methods of its economic transformation: (4 points)

A

. To concentrate on fiscal reform
. To modernise the function of state-owned enterprises and to privatise all but the largest companies
. To establish a universal foreign exchange rate
. To enable banking reform with the creation of three state-owned banks to subsidise and support state-directed programmes

109
Q

What was Deng told to set up?

A

A ministry of finance and state finance commissions with constant reviews - 5 year plans are too long

110
Q

What did the IMF encourage?

A

Less direct government investment

111
Q

When did the Chinese secure diplomatic relations with the EEC?

A

1975

112
Q

Who did the Chinese secure diplomatic with in 1975?

A

EEC

113
Q

Why did China support the EEC?

A

Economically it simplified trade, and politically it was a barrier against any westward extension of Soviet influence

114
Q

What did the PRC do with the EEC in 1978?

A

Sign an agreement

115
Q

When did the PRC sign an agreement with the EEC?

A

1978

116
Q

What did the agreement between the PRC and EEC concern itself with?

A

Trade and economic co-operation, particularly the textile trade

117
Q

How did the alliance between China and the EEC develop?

A

Continued and extended in 1985 by a new agreement

118
Q

What did the EEC do after the Tiananmen protest?

A

Imposed an arms embargo that lasted beyond 1997 but this did not have a knock effect on trade

119
Q

How much did trade grow between the EEC and China?

A

Bilateral trade had trebled to $45.6 billion by 1995 from $14.3 billion

120
Q

What did the EU become to China?

A

China’s largest trade partner and China was the EU’s second-largest partner after the USA

121
Q

Which trading nations were of most strategic importance to China?

A

Neighbouring South-East Asian nations as well as the USA and Japan

122
Q

Why was south-east Asia an ideal trading partner to China?

A

. It’s close proximity
. Large number of ethnic Chinese, making cultural and trade assimilation achievable

123
Q

What would China mirror in it’s relations with south-east Asia?

A

It’s former hierarchy when these countries used to pay tribute to China

124
Q

What did China do to improve regional relationships?

A

Soften its stance on worldwide revolution

125
Q

What did China support the creation of?

A

ZOPFRAN

126
Q

What does ZOPFRAN stand for?

A

Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality

127
Q

What were China’s secondary aims in south-east Asia

A

. Boost its economic ties
. Reducing the involvement of the USSR and the USA

128
Q

What did China hope to block in south east Asia?

A

The USSR’s ambitions of asserting influence in the region

129
Q

When did the Vietnam War end?

A

1975

130
Q

How did China feel towards Vietnam after the Vietnam War ended?

A

Felt Vietnam had betrayed years of direct support by seeking closer relations with the USSR

131
Q

How did China view the USSR in south east Asia?

A

An obstacle to its own regional objectives

132
Q

How did hostilities between China and Vietnam culminate?

A

Vietnam invaded the PRC sponsored Cambodia in 1979

133
Q

What did the war between Vietnam and China show?

A

Vietnamese resistance illustrated the outdated nature of China’s military capacity

134
Q

How did China continue to fight Vietnam after the war?

A

Supported UN economic sanctions against them

135
Q

Why did relations between China and Vietnam improve?

A

. Relations improved in the 1980s between the USSR and China and the Soviets withdrew their support for Vietnam
. Loss of support meant Vietnam had to seek improved relation with China

136
Q

What did the resolution of the Vietnam issue improve and why?

A

Relations with Thailand who previously feared Chinese aggression due to their close proximity with Vietnam

137
Q

Who did China restore diplomatic relations with and trade?

A

Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Burma and Indonesia

138
Q

What did China’s relationship with Singapore show?

A

. Changing ties
. In Maoist time Singapore was capitalist and friends with the US

139
Q

What happened to Singapore under Deng?

A

It was rehabilitated

140
Q

What did China urge Africa to do in the 1980s and 1990s?

A

Urged African compliance with existing global economic frameworks

141
Q

What increased between China and Africa in the 1990s?

A

Bilateral trade increased steadily but the limited strength of African enterprises prevented further Chinese investments.

142
Q

How much did Chine invest in Africa between 1979 and 1990?

A

Only $51 million

143
Q

How much did China invest per project in Africa?

A

$500,000

144
Q

Why was it in China’s interest to cooperate with Japan?

A

. Similar culture and close proximity
. Near source of advanced technology
. Could reduce dependence of US and west
. Could get loans and foreign investments
. Avoid other conflicts

145
Q

Why was it in Japan’s interest to cooperate with China?

A

. China had a rapidly expanding economy
. Only non-western nation on UN Security Council
. Similar culture and close proximity
. China had a huge population
. Could reduce dependence of US and west
. Avoid other conflicts

146
Q

What happened between China and Japan in 1972?

A

Bilateral communiqué

147
Q

When was the bilateral communiqué?

A

1972

148
Q

When did negotiations between Japan and China begin?

A

1975

149
Q

What did China and Japan sign in 1978?

A

Treaty of peace and friendship

150
Q

When was the Treaty of peace and friendship signed?

A

1978

151
Q

What was the Treaty of peace and friendship?

A

. To develop lasting peace and friendship on a basis of peaceful coexistence
. Any Sino-Japanese dispute would be settled with resorting to threat
. Promoted further economic and cultural cooperation and collaboration
. Neither wanted regional dominance

152
Q

What did Japan’s proximity offer?

A

An immediately accessible source of technology and expertise for China

153
Q

What would Japan get by trading with China?

A

. Import of crude oil and coal
. Massive Chinese market for exports

154
Q

What would China get by trading with Japan?

A

. High end technology
. Industrial plants
. Construction machinery
. Low interest loans

155
Q

By the 1980s how had China’s exports change?

A

Move from exporting raw materials to manufactured goods such as textiles, clothing and other labour-intensive products.

156
Q

What did Japan support in 1980?

A

China’s entry to the World Bank and IMF,

157
Q

What was Japan the first country to offer to China?

A

Biilateral loans with four major assistance packages amounting to US$13 billion to revitalise China’s steel industry

158
Q

What did the CCP guarantee Japanese firms

A

Compensation should their firm be nationalised, and that they were to be treated equally to Chinese state-owned enterprises

159
Q

By the 1990s what was trade like between Japan and Chine?

A

There was a trade imbalance in bilateral trade in favour of Japan

160
Q

What did further liberalisation in China enable?

A

Heavier Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI)

161
Q

By how much had Japanese FDI grown?

A

From $2 billion by 1989, Japanese FDI had grown to $10 billion by the mid-1990s

162
Q

What notable Japanese investment was in Shanghai?

A

Baoshan steel complex

163
Q

By 1993 who had China overtaken and in what?

A

Germany, Taiwan and South Korea to be Japan’s second-largest trade partner after the US

164
Q

Where did Deng ratify the 1978 agreement?

A

During a visit to Japan - the first Chinese premier to visit Japan in an official capacity

165
Q

When did Premier Zhao Ziyang visit Tokyo?

A

1982?

166
Q

Who visited Tokyo in 1982?

A

Premier Zhao Ziyang

167
Q

What did Premier Zhao Ziyang, on a visit to Tokyo in 1982, declare?

A

The three principles for continued relations: peace and friendship, equality and mutual benefit

168
Q

What did the General Secretary of the CCP, Hu Yaobang do in 1984?

A

Added a fourth principle: mutual trust

169
Q

Who added the fourth principle: mutual trust and when?

A

The General Secretary of the CCP, Hu Yaobang, in 1983

170
Q

What happened in 1984 between China and Japan?

A

A Japanese state visit to China announcing the second loan programme amounting to US$4.3 billion annually for the years 1984–89

171
Q

When did a Japanese state visit to China announcing the second loan programme happen?

A

1984

172
Q

What happened in 1986 between China and Japan?

A

. A subsequent visit announced a third significant loan
. Loans under this agreement amounted to US$7.5 billion a year

173
Q

When was the third significant loan announced

A

1986

174
Q

What did these diplomatic missions aim to preserve?

A

Prosperous economic relations and international stability

175
Q

How did Japan react to Tiananmen Square?

A

Denounced the CCP’s reaction, Japan wanted to avoid any international re-isolation of China and limited the extent of economic sanctions

176
Q

What happened in 1992 between China and Japan?

A

Emperor Hirohito became the first Japanese emperor to visit China

177
Q

When did Emperor Hirohito became the first Japanese emperor to visit China?

A

1992

178
Q

What happened between the USA and China in 1978?

A

Visit of US National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski

179
Q

When did US National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski visit?

A

1978

180
Q

When would full diplomatic relations be effective between the USA and China?

A

From January 1st 1979

181
Q

What happened between the USA and China on January 1st 1979?

A

Full diplomatic relations

182
Q

What remained a sticking point in negotiations between China and USA?

A

Taiwan

183
Q

What did the USA do in regard to Taiwan in 1972?

A

. Nixon travelled to China to meet Mao
. Sent anti-communist Ronald Reagan to Taipei to reassure Chiang of US support

184
Q

What happened between the USA and China in 1979 when full relations were reached?

A

Exchange of ambassadors and the establishment of embassies

185
Q

What did the US do to Taiwan in 1979?

A

Abrogated the 1954 Mutual Defence Treaty with Taiwan and arranged to withdraw remaining US military personal

186
Q

What did the USA recognise in 1979?

A

People’s Republic as the sole legitimate Chinese state and that Taiwan was a part of China

187
Q

Did the US completely abandon Taiwan?

A

Maintained unofficial links and pledged not to abandon Taiwan to Chinese aggression and US arms sale to Taiwan persisted

188
Q

When did Deng visit the USA and for how long?

A

January 1979 for a 9 day visit

189
Q

Why was Deng’s visit to the USA in January 1979 significant?

A

January 1979

190
Q

What did Deng warn the US during his visit?

A

Not to trust the USSR

191
Q

What did the US public think of Deng in his visit?

A

He wowed them

192
Q

What did Deng sign on his visit to the US?

A

Trade contracts with the USA and also reached agreements on cultural as well as scientific and technological exchange

193
Q

Who visited the US in 1997?

A

Jiang Zemin

194
Q

When did Jiang Zemin visit the USA?

A

1997

195
Q

What was public opinion in the US of China when Jiang Zemin visited?

A

Human-rights protests against the Chinese government, particularly in support of Tibetan independence

196
Q

In 1989 what did the US suspect China of?

A

Helping to develop the nuclear programmes of rogue nations

197
Q

What did the US do to China after Tiananmen?

A

Put in economic and arms sanctions but continued to sell arms to Taiwan

198
Q

What did Congress allow Taiwan to do and how did the PLA respond?

A

. Allowed the Taiwanese president to give a speech at Cornell University
. PLA fired missiles near Taiwan

199
Q

What did the PLA do after firing missiles?

A

Mobilised in Fujian province across the strait from Taiwan, intimating invasion

200
Q

When was Taiwan’s first democratic election?

A

1996

201
Q

What did the PLA’s mobilisation prompt the USA to do?

A

Send ships into the Taiwan straight

202
Q

What did the PLA do when the US sent in their ships?

A

Backed down

203
Q

What was the aim of Jiang’s visit?

A

To allay fears about his leadership and extend Sino-American relations

204
Q

What did Clinton decide to do in the visit?

A

Turn a blind eye to PRC’s human rights record due to linked interests

205
Q

What made China more flexible in negotiations?

A

When it’s sovereignty was not questioned

206
Q

What was the impression of Jiang in the visit?

A

Favourable - good diplomat

207
Q

How many people were on mainland China compared to Taiwan and why was this important?

A

900 million compared to 17 milllion - made more sense for US to have better relations with China

208
Q

Why was the USA vital to China

A

. American science, technology and capital

209
Q

What caused the collapse of the Soviet Union?

A

. Economic stagnation under Brezhnev
. Nuclear arms race depleted resources
. Gorbachev’s reforms inefficient
. Glasnost (democracy)
. Perestroika - free market (not fulfilled)

210
Q

Raw material imports in 1970s vs 1980s

A

1970s - steel, iron, textile fibres
1980s - grain, fertiliser

211
Q

Manufacturing imports in 1970s vs 1980s

A

1970s - machinery
1980s - chemicals, wood products

212
Q

Manufacturing exports in 1970s vs 1980s

A

1970s - cotton fabric
1980s - textiles, clothing

213
Q

Technology imports in 1970s vs 1980s

A

1970s - xx
1980s - instruments, military trucks, communication equipment

214
Q

What did trade increase to from 1978-85?

A

$1 billion to $7 billion

215
Q

What status did China have in 1991

A

Most favoured nation status

216
Q

What % of households had a tv in 1980 vs 1993

A

1980 - 1.5%
1993 - 99%

217
Q

What % of households had a washing machine in 1980 vs 1993

A

1980 - 1.5%
1993 - 97%

218
Q

What was the US to China trade value in 1970?

A

0

219
Q

What was the US to China trade value for exports and imports in 1990?

A

US exports - 4800
US imports - around 15000

220
Q

When was America in a trade deficit with China?

A

1985

221
Q

What was Hong Kong like under British rule?

A

. Leader in trade and manufacturing
. Transport hub
. Property development
. Capitalist economy
. Relied on PRC for raw materials

222
Q

When did negotiations about Hong Kong start?

A

1982

223
Q

Who were negotiations about Hong Kong between?

A

Thatcher and Major vs Deng and Jiang

224
Q

What agreement was reached in 1984 between UK and China

A

Joint agreement

225
Q

When was the Joint agreement reached?

A

1984

226
Q

What did Britain try to do throughout the negotiations?

A

Britain tried to manipulate the situation so that they did not have to lose Hong Kong

227
Q

Why did Tatcher feel confident to keep Hong Kong?

A

In 1983/84 Tatcher felt emboldened by a win to keep the Falkland Islands

228
Q

What was Britain’s first offer to Hong Kong?

A

Britain keeps Hong Kong - Deng rejects this flatly

229
Q

What was Britain’s second offer to Hong Kong?

A

Hong Kong to Chinese control but Britain to administer - Deng objected

230
Q

What was Britain’s third offer to Hong Kong?

A

Hong Kong to become a SAR (Hong Kong can keep some laws, some independent control)

231
Q

What does SAR stand for?

A

Special Administrative Region

232
Q

What was decided in the Joint Agreement?

A

Hong Kong would become a SAR with a 50 year grace period of transition

233
Q

Basic law

A

Safeguard Hong Kong’s economic and political system (as long as there is no threat to the PRC)

234
Q

When did the PRC pass the Basic Law?

A

1995

235
Q

Who tried to reform the Legislative Council?

A

Chris Patten

236
Q

What did Chris Patten try to do?

A

Reform the Legislative Council?

237
Q

What did Taiwan plan in 1986/87?

A

Democracy

238
Q

When did Taiwan plan democracy?

A

1986/87

239
Q

What did Britain do to Hong Kong after Tiananmen?

A

Put in place liberal reform (elections) before 1997 to protect the freedom of the people

240
Q

How did Deng respond to Britain’s liberal reforms in Hong Kong?

A

Hong Kong would revert to the 1984 structure (agreed in Joint Declaration)

241
Q

How did Britain respond to Deng reverting to the 1984 structure?

A

Britain did not challenge this in 1995 and was not willing to go to war and a $16 billion trade deal was being negotiated between Britain and China, no more Thatcher

242
Q

What system was Hong Kong under?

A

One country - two systems

243
Q

(Hong Kong change or unchanged) is English still taught in schools?

A

English still taught but many teach manerin

244
Q

(Hong Kong change or unchanged) Hong Kong membership

A

Remains an individual member of various international organizations, such as the WTO

245
Q

(Hong Kong change or unchanged) what does Hong Kong still negotiate?

A

Its own aviation bilateral treaties with foreign countries

246
Q

(Hong Kong change or unchanged) how are flights treated between Hong Kong and the mainland?

A

As international flights

247
Q

(Hong Kong change or unchanged) visiting other countries?

A

Hong Kong SAR passport holders have easier access to countries in Europe and North America, while mainland citizens do not

248
Q

(Hong Kong change or unchanged) Hong Kong political freedom?

A

More political freedoms than the mainland China

249
Q

(Hong Kong change or unchanged) driving?

A

Still drive on the left unlike mainland China

250
Q

(Hong Kong change or unchanged) military drill?

A

Marching and words of command in English continues in all disciplinary services

251
Q

(Hong Kong change or unchanged) statues?

A

All statues of British monarchs like Queen Victoria and King George remain.

252
Q

(Hong Kong change or unchanged) chief executive of Hong Kong?

A

Elected by a selection committee with 1200 members, of pro-Chinese business in Hong Kong.

253
Q

(Hong Kong change or unchanged) public offices?

A

Fly the flags of the PRC and the Hong Kong SAR

254
Q

(Hong Kong change or unchanged) money?

A

Elizabeth II’s portrait disappeared from banknotes

255
Q

(Hong Kong change or unchanged) crown?

A

Legal references to the ‘Crown’ were replaced by references to the ‘State’

256
Q

(Hong Kong change or unchanged) holidays?

A

Public holidays changed, with the Queen’s Official Birthday and other British-inspired occasions being replaced by PRC National Day

257
Q

(Hong Kong change or unchanged) British citizens

A

No longer able to work in Hong Kong for one year without a visa

The Making of Modern China Added Info (13 decks)

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