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The Making of Modern China Added Info > Booklet 6 My Notes > Flashcards

Booklet 6 My Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Give 4 changes to water transport in China 1860-1911

A

. European steamships (7 companies by 1881)
. China Merchants’ Steam Navigation Company 1872 (33 ships by 1877)
. Yangtze developed for trade
. Fuzhou shipyard 1872

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2
Q

How many companies did European steamships have by 1881?

A

7

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3
Q

When was the Fuzhou Shipyard developed?

A

1872

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4
Q

River developed for trade

A

Yangtze

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5
Q

When was the China Merchants’ Steam Navigation Company developed and how many ships by 1877?

A

1872 with 33 ships by 1877

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6
Q

What caused changes to water transport 1860-1911? (give 5 causes)

A

European trade, British navy (Opium War), USA gunboats to protect missionaries, extraterritoriality, Self Strenghtening Movement 1970s-90s

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7
Q

Other than development, give 3 other effects of water transport development 1860-1911

A

Foreign occupation and exploitation, anti-foreign feeling (Boxer Risings c1890s+), foreign mass produced goods disrupt Chinese artisan economy, weakening of Qing Dynasty

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8
Q

What railway was developed in 1876 and what happened to it?

A

Baoshan railway and it was destroyed by the Qing

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9
Q

When was the Baoshan railway developed?

A

1876

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10
Q

What happened with mining in 1881 and why?

A

Tianjin coal mine transport - Li Hongzhang self strengthening

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11
Q

When was the Tianjin coal mine transport developed?

A

1881

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12
Q

What did Qing do in 1904 regarding railways?

A

Qing government investment to stop foreign monopoly

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13
Q

When did the Qing gov invest to stop a foreign monopoly?

A

1904

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14
Q

What unpopular thing happened to the railways in 1904 and who did it?

A

Rights Recovery Movement and Boards of Communication and Finance nationalise the railways in 1904

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15
Q

When were railways nationalised?

A

1904

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16
Q

What movement regarding railways happened in 1911 and what was it about?

A

Railway Protection Movement protests against Qing

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17
Q

When did the Railway Protection Movement protest against Qing?

A

1911

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18
Q

What did Sun Yat-sen achieve in 1911-25?

A

Little development

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19
Q

What did Japan do to the railways and when?

A

1928-49 Japanese develop railway network in Manchuria

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20
Q

What was did Japan’s railway development cause?

A

Chiang Kai-sheck responded with 5 year Railway Construction Plan

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21
Q

What did the PRC do to the railway from 1949-65?

A

Build 700 miles per year

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22
Q

What happened to the railways during the cultural revolution?

A

20% decline

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23
Q

What happened to the railway in 1975>

A

Decision on Improving Railways set up modern railway

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24
Q

What caused developments to the railway 1876-1980? (7 causes)

A

. Foreign occupation and exploitation
. Trade
. Preparation for war
. Modernisers such as Li Hongzhang
. Chiang Kai-shek
. Mao Zedong
. Deng Xiaoping

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25
Q

Other than development, give 3 other effects of railway development 1876-1980

A

Foreign occupation and exploitation, trade, anti-foreign feeling (Boxers and anti-Japanese), development of industry, war

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26
Q

When was the height of road development 1860-42?

A

1930s and 40s

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27
Q

Chiang’s role in the height of road development in the 1930s-40s

A

Chiang Kai-shek built thousands of miles to fight Japanese and CCP

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28
Q

Foreigners role in the height of road development in the 1930s-40s

A

Built the Burma road to relieve China in 1938 from Japanese occupation (although closed 1940-45)

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29
Q

What caused road development in the 1830s and 40s?

A

Foreign occupation, War, Foreign support (Germans in preparation for war with Japan and British in Burma), Chiang Kai-shek

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30
Q

When did the telegraph develop?

A

1869-1930

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31
Q

When was the China Submarine Telegraph Company set up and by who and why?

A

1869 by British to link China to Britain via India

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32
Q

What did the British set up in 1869 to link China to Britain via India?

A

China Submarine Telegraph Company

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33
Q

What did Li Hongzhang’s Self-Strenghtening Movement do for telegraph development?

A

Set up 76 stations for the Chinese Imperial Telegraph Administration

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34
Q

What did the US do for telegraph development?

A

The USA set up the American Federal Telegraph Company in the 1920s

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35
Q

What did Japan do for telegraph development?

A

From 1937 Japan took over all telegraph companies

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36
Q

What caused telegraph development 1869-1930?

A

Foreign occupation and exploitation, Self Strengthening Movement, War

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37
Q

What did the Americans do for air transport development?

A

. Introduced the China National Aviation Corporation in 1937
. Gave the 14th US Airforce to Chiang Kai-shek to fight the Japanese
. Funded/supplied an Air Force to the GMD through Lend Lease in the early 1940s

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38
Q

When was most air development?

A

From 1980+

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39
Q

How much did air planes and passengers increase from 1979-89?

A

436%

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40
Q

What was privatised in 1985 relating to air travel?

A

The Civil Aviation Adminstration of China

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41
Q

What happened to air transport under Mao?

A

Other than some Soviet investment in the 1950s, air transport all but ceased development under Mao

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42
Q

What caused air transport development 1929-1997? (3 causes)

A

Foreign loans and equipment, Deng Xiaoping and economic necessity 1980+

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43
Q

Chinese economy in 1860

A

China had a mostly agricultural economy except for textiles

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44
Q

Chinese textile production in 1860

A

. Domestic (at home) also known as a cottage industry
. Mostly women spinning and weaving silk.
. Could not compete with the new British factories

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45
Q

1842 treaty of Nanjing impact on textile industry

A

Brought cheaper British cloth from India

46
Q

What happened to textile industry in 1890s?

A

Textile factories built by foreigners and Self Strengthening entrepreneurs like Li Hongzhang

47
Q

How much did Shanghai factories grow from 1920s to 1940s

A

1920s Shanghai factories from 30,000 to 131,000 workers by 1930, trade unionism in Shanghai

48
Q

What impact did textile development have on early industrial development in China? (4 impacts0

A

. Women in factories (especially in the east)
. Trade unionism
. Anti foreign feeling as domestic economy could not compete
. Urbanisation

49
Q

When did factory production overtake domestic production?

A

1936

50
Q

If Japan got raw materials from China, cheap labour for manufacture and a market for goods what did some Chinese believe would be the benefits for China? (Before Japanese occupation)

A

. Raw Materials would give China profit
. Manufacturing would train and provide expertise
. Markets would bring in new
. More technical goods

51
Q

How much did the Japanese invest in Manchuko?

A

6 billion yen worth of investment

52
Q

What did Japan build in Manchuko?

A

Building infrastructure - roads, bridges, railway and canals)

53
Q

What did Japan provide for Manchuko?

A

Trade, access to raw materials e.g. mines, telegraph, ports, capitalism

54
Q

How much did the economy grow in the first 5 year plan?

A

9%

55
Q

When was the first 5 year plan?

A

1952-57

56
Q

How was the first 5 year plan successful?

A

Coal, steel, machine tools, trucks, chemicals all exceeded targets.
Infrastructure through capital projects such as Yangtze bridge

57
Q

How did the Sino-Soviet treaty of 1950 help the first 5 year plan?

A

Brought 10,000 advisors, technology and loans

58
Q

What extended the Sino-Soviet treaty of 1950?

A

Sino Soviet Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement 1954

59
Q

What factors allowed the success of the first 5 year plan?

A

. Food exports (rice bowl of Asia)
. PRC command economy with SOEs (state owned enterprise), slashing defence and administration budgets to pay for economic development, mobilising the masses.

60
Q

What dates did the electrification of China happen between?

A

1949-1997

61
Q

Causes of electrification in early stages

A

Mao’s First 5 Year Plan and Soviet expertise

62
Q

What was electrification like until 1977?

A

Centrally planned but in 1977 CCP devolved to local governments and then put under control of TVAs (Town and Village Areas) in 1983

63
Q

How was elecrification 1949-1997 successful?

A

One billion has access by 1999

64
Q

Issues with electrification

A

Cities and industry relied on coal (polution) whilst countryside relied on hydroelectric (dams). Shortages.

65
Q

Did Moa resent technological innovation and why

A

Technology seen as Western and capitalist, believed in the power of the masses over technology

66
Q

What even is an example of Mao’s resentment of technological innovation?

A

Cultural Revolution

67
Q

How did Mao’s feelings towards technological innovation change?

A

Opened up to prospect in later life (Zhou Enlai convinced him) e.g. trade with Hong Kong and Nixon visit in 1972

68
Q

What id Deng credited with?

A

Bringing China into the 20th Century from 1979+

69
Q

Where did Deng visit in 1979?

A

Visited USA and developed trade

70
Q

What did Deng do?

A

Encouraged western investment, complied with IMF and World Bank for investment

71
Q

What did Deng improve relations with?

A

ZOPFRAN and Japan for trade and investment

72
Q

What did Deng set up?

A

SEZs

73
Q

What did Deng rehabilitate?

A

Academics imprisoned during the Cultural Revolution

74
Q

What conference happened in 1985

A

National Conference on Science and Technology

75
Q

What did Deng make China a centre of?

A

Manufacturing

76
Q

How much did exports increase from and to and give dates?

A

$10billion to $24billion worth of exports 1978 to 1985

77
Q

What were SEZs

A

Special economic zones

78
Q

What did SEZs start with?

A

Hong Kong then extended to a range of cities

79
Q

What incentives did SEZs bring

A

Tax breaks and limited PRC control to encourage foreign investment, gateways into mainland China

80
Q

What could the PRC control regarding SEZs

A

Control foreign influence without restricting foreign investment

81
Q

What were the main obstacles to economic growth in the 19th century?

A

Concept of Chinese superiority, status quo and Confucian beliefs, inability to see the benefits of industrialisation, ignorance of foreign development

82
Q

There was some economic development in the 19th century, such as industrialisation in the eastern port cities and Manchuria, banking and finance. What caused this?

A

. European traders
. Missionaries
. Imperialist governments e.g. Britain
. Modernising Chinese merchants such as Li Hongzhang

83
Q

What did the Self Strengthening Movement achieve?

A

. Munitions (Tianjin Arsenal) and Fuzhou Shipyard
. Coal mines, cotton factories, telegraph and postal service and steamship companies in North East

84
Q

Self-strengthening banking

A

Imperial Bank of China to challenge HSBC

85
Q

Which individuals encouraged the Self Stregthening Movement?

A

Li Honghzhang and Shen Xuanhuai, also support from Prince Gong in 1898

86
Q

What caused the May 4th Movement (aka New Culture Movement)?

A

. Treaty of Versailles (WWI) gave Shandong province to Japan (from Germany)
. Students called for self determination and Chinese sovereignty e.g. get rid of extraterritoriality.

87
Q

Who was Chiang Kai-shek’s financially significant brother in law?

A

T.V. Soong

88
Q

What did T.V. Soong do for tax?

A

Simplified tax

89
Q

When did T.V. Soong impact the Chinese financial system?

A

1926-33

90
Q

T.V. Soong impact on banks

A

Regulated banks - savings and deposits increase by 600%

91
Q

What did T.V. Soong introduce for finance?

A

. National Debt by selling securities and bonds to public (gave GMD finance)

92
Q

What did T.V. Soong introduce in 1931?

A

Shanghai Stock Market

93
Q

When was the Shanghai Stock Market introduced?

A

1931

94
Q

What did T.V. Soong introduce to allow for loans to boost economic development?

A

National Economic Council

95
Q

What did set up in 1932 to encourage investment?

A

Chinese Development Finance Cooperation

96
Q

When was the Chinese Development Finance Cooperation set up?

A

1932

97
Q

Did living standards improve under the GMD?

A

. Corporation tax generated little revenue
. Other taxation on consumer goods so little revenue
. Low wages and poor safety caused strikes

98
Q

What did Chiang Kai-shek spent TV Soong’s revenue on

A

Defence rather than public reform

99
Q

Why did Mao follow the Soviet model of Communism from 1949, even though he was more commited to empowering the peasants?

A

1950 and 1954 treaties with USSR brought advisors, loans and technology that Mao needed to initiate communism

100
Q

When did Mao shift from following Soviet to developing Maoist Marxism and why?

A

During Sino-Soviet Split post 1953 (death of Stalin) and in particular after 1956 (Khrushchev) Great Leap Forward 1957-62

101
Q

What did Mao’s ‘Walking on two legs’ refer to?

A

. Mao wanted China to be self-sufficient and empower the peasants
. Mao was convinced that agriculture could support rapid industrial development if state controlled

102
Q

Historians suggest Mao reversed global intergration. Please explain.

A

. Mao’s drive was to break from west
. Great Leap Forward + Cultural Revolution Mao developed Chinese nationalism and economy that despised capitalism
. Contact with westerners was minimal until the early 1970s.

103
Q

What were Deng Xiaoping’s FOUR Modernisations?

A

Agriculture, industrialisation, Defence and Science and Technology

104
Q

Deng developed a ‘One Country, Two Systems’ approach. What does this mean?

A

China is ideologically based on Communism, but also has capitalism

105
Q

Define state controlled free market capitalism

A

Free market economy controlled by the state, e.g. SEZs, state owned enterprise but trades with competition

106
Q

What were TVEs?

A

Town and Village Enterprises that were part state/part privately owned.

107
Q

China became a major food exporter in the 1980s (18 years after Great Famine). How?

A

By 1983, 98% of the Communes had broken up. Farming became private and surpluses were produced.

108
Q

Growth rate after four modernisations

A

9.6% growth rate

109
Q

Consumerism under four modernisations

A

Grew e.g. tv and washing machine ownership

110
Q

How did living standards improve after the Four Modernisations?

A

Social mobility, urbanisation, privatised schools, education improved

111
Q

How did living standards decline after the Four Modernisations?

A

Low wages due to devaluaed currency (yuan kept low to be competetive), rural/urban split, growing gap between rich and poor

The Making of Modern China Added Info (13 decks)

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