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The Making of Modern China Added Info > Booklet 4 My Notes 1958-1969 > Flashcards

Booklet 4 My Notes 1958-1969 Flashcards

1
Q

At the end of WW2 who liberated the north?

A

The Russians

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2
Q

At the end of WW2 who liberated the south and east?

A

The allies

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3
Q

What did Russia do with Manchuria

A

Hand it over to the Red Army (CCP)

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4
Q

When was the Chinese Civil War

A

1946-49

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5
Q

Briefly summarise the Civil War?

A

. GMD launched an attack to free Manchuria
. Mao used peasant support and guerrilla tactics to wear down the NRA
. Chiang lost Manchuria by November 1948
. Chiang fled to Taiwan December 1949

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6
Q

When was the PRC established?

A

1st October 1949

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7
Q

How many members did the CCP have at inception

A

5.8 million

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8
Q

What agreement was made between China and the USSR in the Korean War

A

Sino-Soviet Treat of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance 1950

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9
Q

What was the growth rate during the First Five Year Plan

A

9%

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10
Q

What did the PLA have the largest of…

A

Army by 1957

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11
Q

When did Stalin die and who replaced him

A

1953 - Khrushchev

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12
Q

What happened after Stalin died?

A

Revolts in Eastern Europe in 1956

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13
Q

What and when was the 100 flowers campaign?

A

1957 - purge on academics

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14
Q

What campaign happened in 1957?

A

100 flowers campaign

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15
Q

When was the Great Leap Forward?

A

1958-1962

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16
Q

People’s communes

A

. Large agricultural units
. Public health and education
. High targets to support urban industrial workers

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17
Q

How did china feel towards USSR before 1958?

A

. Distrusted them as they preyed on China’s vulnerability for territory
. Stalin rejected Mao’s version of a peasant based movement
. PRC needed economic support and the USSR gave it

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18
Q

How many advisors did the USSR give to China to become communist?

A

15,000

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19
Q

When was Khrushchev’s secret speech?

A

1956

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20
Q

What was Khrushchev’s secret speech

A

. Start of the split between the USSR and China
. Savaged Stalin’s rule as despotic and criticised the systematic purges that decimated the UUSR CP
. Process of de-stalinisation began to restyle communist ruler
. Attack the ‘cult of personality ‘of Stalin

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21
Q

Where was the secret speech delivered?

A

. To the 20th Congress of the Communist Party

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22
Q

What did Mao believe the USSR was attempting to do?

A

Impose unequal agreements like before

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23
Q

Why did the Secret Speech anger the Chinese?

A

. Mao rejected de-Stalinisation and peaceful coexistence
. The cult personality could be applied to Mao who portrayed himself as the spearhead and inspiration of Chinese communism - challenged to Mao’s rule
. Speech issued without consulting the Chinese - Mao was sensitive to political developments in other countries

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24
Q

What did Khrushchev reject and believe about socialism?

A

Khrushchev rejected worldwide revolution and believe socialism would peacefully coexist with capitalism - Mao claimed this was a betrayal of communism

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25
Q

What were the 3 Russian demands in 1958

A

. Joint Pacific Naval fleet
. Long wave radio station in China
. Repairs in ports

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26
Q

Why did the joint naval Pacific fleet upset Mao?

A

. Mao rejected a fleet headed by Soviet officers due to China’s history with China
. Mao thought Khrushchev was trying to violate Chinese sovereignty

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27
Q

Why was Khrushchev to blame for tensions from the joint naval Pacific fleet?

A

. USSR acting like imperial power
. Khrushchev wanted Soviet Officers to contro the fleet
. Khrushchev took advantage - wanted Soviet soldiers to have leave on Chinese territory

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28
Q

Why was Mao to blame for tensions from the joint naval Pacific fleet?

A

. Mao over reacted - staged a tantrum
. Khrushchev was supervised by Mao’s reaction

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29
Q

Why did the Longwave Radio station in China upset Mao?

A

. Mao felt patronised and wanted to show the world he was capable of
. Khrushchev wanted a long wave radio station based in China to control Russia’s Pacific fleet

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30
Q

Why was Khrushchev to blame for tensions from the Longwave Radio station?

A

. Khrushchev had been stalling in giving China the technology and technicians to develop military strength
. USSR did not understand why China was so angry with them

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31
Q

Why was Mao to blame for tensions from the Longwave Radio station?

A

. Mao over reacted and saw this as an example of great power chauvinism
. Mao is paranoid and stubborn

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32
Q

Why did the repairs in ports upset Mao?

A

. Mao believed great powers only helped others to help themselves
. USSR did not view China as an equal

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33
Q

Why was Khrushchev to blame for tensions from the repairs in ports?

A

Russia’s actions were a contemporary variant of the unequal treaties

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34
Q

Why was Mao to blame for tensions from the repairs in ports?

A

Mao interpreted Soviet demands as Khrushchev not trusting him with nuclear weapons

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35
Q

When was the Taiwan Crisis?

A

1958

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36
Q

What caused the Taiwan Crisis?

A

. Chiang and GMD fled to Taiwan after the Civil War
. Mao wanted to test the USSR and USA
. Mao wanted to reunite it with the mainland under communism

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37
Q

What did Mao believe it was China’s destiny to do?

A

To take over Taiwan and reunite it with the mainland under communist rule

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38
Q

What was the US’ relationship with Taiwan?

A

. USA has supported Taiwan since 1949 and recognised it as the legitimate government of China
. Promised to use its navy to defend Taiwan

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39
Q

What did Mao worry about Taiwan?

A

Mao feared the Taiwanese islands of Quemoy and Matsu, close to the Chinese mainland, could be used as springboards for a GMD invasion of mainland

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40
Q

What did Mao order in 1958?

A

A bombardment of the islands

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41
Q

What had Khrushchev publicly warned Eisenhower?

A

An attack on the PRC constituted an attack on the USSR but in private discussions with the CCP he rendered caution

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42
Q

What was the USSR afraid of regarding Taiwan?

A

Afraid of a local conflict escalating into global war and the USA appeared willing to uphold Taiwanese sovereignty

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43
Q

How did tensions ease?

A

Mao decided to back down

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44
Q

How did Mao view Khrushchev during the Taiwan crisis?

A

As a traitor and a coward for not supporting China more strongly

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45
Q

How did Khrushchev view Mao during the Taiwan crisis?

A

. As a rash maverick whose ideas were not grounded in political reality
. His blasé attitude towards nuclear war was a threat
. Irresponsible, hot headed and unaware of the practical effects of his revolutionary ideas

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46
Q

What did Mao accuse Khrushchev of?

A

Revisionism as evidenced by Khrushchev’s lukewarm support for Mao’s bombing of the islands

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47
Q

What did Mao accuse the Russians of in the crisis?

A

Wanting to control China

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48
Q

What did Mao reject from the USSR?

A

Joint a joint naval Pacific fleet

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49
Q

What was Mao looking to engineer through Taiwan?

A

An occasion to test the promise of USSR assistance

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50
Q

What did Mao want to test regarding the USA?

A

To see how far they would go

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51
Q

What did Mao consider himself to be?

A

The rightful leader of world communism and intellectually superior Marxist to Khrushchev

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52
Q

What is China’s warped perception of Mao?

A

He was 70% good and 30% bad

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53
Q

What happened in 1955?

A

Khrushchev’s revisionism and Yugoslavia

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54
Q

When was Khrushchev’s revisionism and Yugoslavia?

A

1955

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55
Q

What happened with Yugoslavia in 1955

A

. Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia were terminated by Stalin due to their cooperation with the west
. Mao believed Stalin was justified in excluding Yugoslavia and favoured a hard line against those who deviated from revolutionary principles
. Khrushchev’s reconciliation was consistent with peaceful coexistence

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56
Q

What happened in 1958?

A

Chinese Great Leap Forward (second 5 year economic plan)

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57
Q

When was the Chinese Great Leap Forward?

A

1958

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58
Q

What was the Chinese Great Leap Forward?

A

. Mao begrudged the patronising attitude of the USSR that there was no alternative to the Soviet’s methods
. Mao thought the plan would better fit the needs of China and supported ideas advocated by Stalin and later discredited by Soviet leadership
. USSR criticised China for deviating from the Soviet model

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59
Q

Chinese collectivisation/communes

A

. Mao supported Stalin’s idea of communes and this was a basis for Khrushchev’s accusation that Mao had a poor understanding of communism
. A commune is a community where everything is shared like childcare
. Chinese communes consisted of 4000-20,000 households by 1962 there were more than 50,000 communes in China

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60
Q

What was held in 1959?

A

Lushan Conference

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61
Q

When was the Lushan Conference?

A

1959

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62
Q

Who was Peng Dehuai?

A

. Peng was a veteran revolutionary and minister for defence who toured the PRC in 1959
. He saw the faults of the Great Leap Forward

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63
Q

What happened at the Lushan Conference in 1959?

A

. A meeting of senior CCP officials was held in Lushan to discuss the progress of the Great Leap Forward
. Peng put his concerns to Mao who was furious accusing Peng of attacking his leadership
. Peng was dismissed

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64
Q

What were the rumours about Peng?

A

Peng shared concerns with the Society and Khrushchev wanted him as leader

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65
Q

What did the Soviets do in 1960?

A

Withdrew economic assistance from China

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66
Q

When did the Soviets withdraw economic assistance from China?

A

1960

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67
Q

Explain the Soviet withdrawal of economic assistance from China

A

. Factories set up by the Soviet’s expertise were closed and joint projects were discontinued as the problems with the Great Leap Forward intensified
. Next logical step in chain of events
. Soviets hurriedly left China taking blueprints with them

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68
Q

What did the CCP release in 1961?

A

Little Red Book

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69
Q

When was the CCP’s Little Red Book published

A

1961

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70
Q

What was the CCP’s Little Red Book

A

. Mao’s followers collected his speeches in the Little Red Book
. Compilation of Mao’s speeches on 33 topics intended as the blueprint for how the Chinese people should live
. Compulsory reading for PLA
. Included in curriculum of Chinese schools
. Symbol of attack on revisionism

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71
Q

What was exchanged between Mao and Khrushchev in 1961?

A

Insults - Old Boot (Mao about Khrushchev) and Asian Hitler (Khrushchev about Mao)

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72
Q

When did Mao and Khrushchev exchange insults?

A

1961

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73
Q

What did Mao call Khrushchev and what did this mean?

A

A redundant ‘old boot’ that should be disposed of and forgotten about

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74
Q

What did Khrushchev call Mao and what did this mean?

A

At a Soviet Union Communist Party Congress in 1961 Khrushchev called Mao an ‘Asian Hitler’ and a living corpse

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75
Q

What were the main Soviet criticisms of China? 4 points

A

. Chinese communism varied from traditional Soviet template
. Khrushchev was angry Mao rejected his demands in 1958
. Khrushchev felt Mao was irresponsible and hot headed
. Mao kept pushing for nukes

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76
Q

How did Khrushchev thing Mao was naive?

A

Mao believed the USSR and PRC’s combined populations outnumbered the USA and gave them the tools to destroy capitalism

77
Q

What were the main CCP criticisms of the USSR? (7 points)

A

. Peaceful coexistence
. Great power chauvinism
. Khrushchev’s demands of 1958
. Mao accused Khrushchev of being a revisionist and a traitor
. Khrushchev’s reluctance to support the Taiwan bombing
. Reluctance to supply nukes
. Claimed Soviet advisors were spies

78
Q

How many emigrated to USSR from 1961-62?

A

Approximately 70,000 left China

79
Q

When did people leave Xinjiang?

A

1961-62

80
Q

Why did people leave Xinjiang?

A

. Russian influence in Xinjiang had existed since the early 20th century
. In 1961 at the end of the famine, non ethnic Chinese in the Muslim dominated region left for the USSR

81
Q

How did the emigration to the USSR cause tension between China and the Soviets

A

. CCP accused the USSR of attempting to detach Xinjiang from the PRC
. Mao felt the future of the PRC was at risk and this confirmed his fears

82
Q

When was the Sino-Indian War?

A

1962

83
Q

What war happened in 1962?

A

Sino-Indian War

84
Q

Causes of Tibetan Opposition

A

Tibet suffered the worst of the famine resulting from the Great Leap Forward and the unrest was suppressed in 1950

85
Q

How did China respond to the Tibetan Opposition?

A

. The horrors inflicted on the Tibetans, recognised in the west as genocide, attracted worldwide condemnation
. PLA suppressed uprisings and protesters were arrested, imprisoned and leader executed

86
Q

Why did India get involve with Tibet?

A

. India felt uneasy with the number of hostile Chinese troops on its eastern border
. Indian troops were overpowered and China claimed disputed areas before ceasing military action

87
Q

How did the Sino-India war cause. Tension between China and the USSR?

A

. China expected full Soviet support as India was not a communist ally and China was fighting to revise the Chinese border set by Britain - the foremost imperial exploiter
. Khrushchev criticised Chinese impotence in handling Tibet
. Khrushchev through hostilities were stupid and remained neutral in war

88
Q

What did the Dalia Lama do?

A

Escaped to India in 1959

89
Q

Who fled to India in 1959?

A

The Dalai Lama

90
Q

Who did Khrushchev meet with in 1959?

A

Eisenhower

91
Q

When did Khrushchev meet with Eisenhower?

A

1959

92
Q

Why did Khrushchev meet with Eisenhower?

A

Khrushchev did not want to to antagonise the USA by supporting China when the west was a known supporter of Tibet

93
Q

What did Khrushchev do to India?

A

Supplied them with fighter planes

94
Q

Who led Albania?

A

Stalinist hardliner Enver Hoxha

95
Q

Similarities between Albania and China

A

. Albanian communist party had grown increasingly distant from the USSR following the Secret Speech
. Like Mao, the Albanians took offence to Khrushchev’s attack on Stalin
. The USSR withdrew financial assistance and Mao extended financial support to Albania.

96
Q

Why did Mao want to help Albania?

A

. Mao wanted to assert Chia’s credentials internationally
. Mao hoped fledging communist nations would follow China’s lead rather than USSR
. Gave Mao a foothold in Eastern Europe and a platform to criticise the USSR

97
Q

Knock on international impact of the Sino-Albanian alliance?

A

. Presented USSR as a rival to the USSR in the leadership of world communism
. Only significant in short term but strained Sino-Soviet relations

98
Q

Mao in South America and Africa

A

. Mao’s promotion of self reliance and permanent peasant based revolution found favour in South America and Africa
. China pledged generous aid packages and inspiration to the developing world

99
Q

When was the Cuban missile crisis

A

October 1962

100
Q

What crisis occurred in October 1962?

A

Cuban missile crisis

101
Q

Why would the Cuban missile crisis upset China?

A

. Mao believed nuclear was inevitable and desirable whereas Khrushchev did not want to start WWIII
. Mao though Khrushchev was a coward for recalling the missiles
. Khrushchev gave Cuba missiles not Mao

102
Q

How did Khrushchev believe communism could be achieved?

A

Through a class struggle

103
Q

What treaty was signed in 1963?

A

The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

104
Q

When was the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed?

A

1963

105
Q

What was the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963?

A

. In 1963 the USA, USSR and UK signed the treaty agreeing to cease ground nuclear teases and slow down the expansion of nuclear weapons
. Clause in treaty to prevent countries without nuclear weapons from getting them

106
Q

Why did the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963 upset China?

A

Mao accused the USSR of protecting its own nuclear deterrent whilst preventing China from developing the same capacity

107
Q

What happened in 1964?

A

The PRC detonated its first atomic device

108
Q

When did the PRC detonated its first atomic device?

A

1964

109
Q

What was the Soviet view on nuclear conflict?

A

. Soviets will not be the first to use nuclear weapons
. Believed revolution would come from workers

110
Q

What was Mao’s view on nuclear conflict?

A

. A new world could be built from the ruins of the old one
. Mao would be prepared to see half the world’s population die - Khrushchev did not want to see the casualty levels of WWII

111
Q

What is genocide?

A

Intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group

112
Q

What did Tibet have the highest of?

A

Death rate in the Great Famine 1959-62 (1 million - 25% of population).

113
Q

What Campaign did the Chinese lance against Tibet and when?

A

Reunification Campaign 1950+

114
Q

How did the Tibetans respond the the Reunification Campaign?

A

60,000 Tibetan resistance fighters defeated in 6 months

115
Q

What was Tibet forcibly….

A

Incorporated into PRC

116
Q

What did the PRC do to wipe out the social, cultural and religious identity of Tibet?

A

Reign of Terror - 1951

117
Q

What was the Reign of Terror?

A

To wipe out social, cultural and religious identity of Tibet.

118
Q

How did Tibet respond to the Reign of Terror?

A

Tibetan underground resistance movement organised demonstrations in 1959

119
Q

What did China do to Tibet in 1959?

A

The famine, already in Shandong, knowingly extended to Tibet by forcibly introducing failing Chinese agricultural policies.

120
Q

Who was Panchen Lama?

A

He took a secret Tibetan tour in 1960-62

121
Q

What did Panchen Lama’s report find?

A

. 20% of each village was in jail and half of those died in jail due to poor conditions
. Detailed horrors of famine

122
Q

What happened to Panchen Lama?

A

Mao arrested him

123
Q

Who and when replaced Khrushchev?

A

Leonid Brezhnev in 1964

124
Q

Why was Krushchev replaced?

A

Economic instability in the USSR encouraged leaders to organise a coup

125
Q

How long did Brezhnev rule for?

A

Until his death in 1982

126
Q

When was the Malinovsky affair?

A

1964

127
Q

What incident occurred in 1964?

A

Malinovsky affair

128
Q

What was the Malinovsky affair?

A

USSR Defence Secretary, drunkenly said ‘We have removed our fool Khrushchev, you should follow by deposing your fool, Mao’.

129
Q

What did Mao think the Malinovsky affair was?

A

The start of a USSR backed anti-Mao coup

130
Q

What was Mao sensitive to?

A

How easily Khrushchev had been ousted which could then happen to him

131
Q

What was Mao increasingly growing?

A

Paranoid that his leadership was under threat

132
Q

Why did Mao believe the USSR would support?

A

A coup because Zhou Enlai said the drink allowed Malinovsky to speak his mind freely that the USSR wanted him out

133
Q

When was the Cultural Revolution?

A

1966-76

134
Q

What happened between 1966-76

A

The Cultural Revolution

135
Q

What caused the Cultural Revolution (5 causes)

A

. Mao’s Comeback after failure of Great Leap Forward
. Destroy threats of coup
. Re establish communism and erase any capitalism following the famine]
. Remove undesirables
. Establish cult of Mao

136
Q

Who participated in the CU;rural Revolution?

A

. Red Guards
. Politicised teenagers
. Students

137
Q

What was the aim of the Cultural Revolution?

A

To purge Chinese society of traditional and capitalist elements

138
Q

What did Mao want to destroy in the Cultural Revolution?

A

Old Chinese culture, habitats, customers and purge the CCP of revisionism

139
Q

How old was Mao when the Cultural Revolution started and what did he want to ensure?

A

73 - he wanted to ensure its purity would continue after his death

140
Q

What areas were targeted in the Cultural Revolution?

A

All areas of society, government departments ceased to function and the economy suffered

141
Q

Who did Mao target in the Cultural Revolution?

A

Alleged Soviet sympathisers, capitalists and bureaucrats within the CPP

142
Q

What did the Red Guards remove during the Cultural Revolution?

A

The Beijing road which the Soviet embassy was located

143
Q

What did the Soviets and China do in 1967?

A

Recall their ambassadors

144
Q

When did China and the Soviets recall their ambassadors?

A

1967

145
Q

What had China become by 1966

A

5th nuclear power

146
Q

What had the USSR developed by 1968?

A

The Brezhnev doctrine

147
Q

When had the Brezhnev doctrine been developed?

A

1968

148
Q

What did the the Brezhnev doctrine state?

A

The USSR would forcefully intervene in the domestic affairs of any east European communist nation shoul any threat to socialism be at large

149
Q

What could the Brezhnev doctrine be used as justification for?

A

The Soviet suppression of the Prague Spring in 1968

150
Q

Why did Mao oppose the Brezhnev doctrine?

A

. Mao did not want the USSR to set a precedent for intervening in the domestic affairs of other communist nations
. Could be used against the PRC

151
Q

What did the Brezhnev doctrine threaten?

A

Mao’s position of power within the PRC

152
Q

What was the impact of the Cultural Revolution on Sino-Soviet relations?

A

. Saw the split widen to the extent that war seemed likely
. Brink of nuclear war

153
Q

What did the USSR think about the Cultural Revolution

A

They condemned the anarchy of it

154
Q

What did Lin Biao want in 1969?

A

The post of presidency of the government to be written into the constitution

155
Q

How did Mao react to Lin’s demands?

A

Irritated by them and thought Lin wanted the post himself and was manipulating the political situation to his own ends

156
Q

Where did fighting with the USSR errupt and when?

A

An island in the Ussuri River in March 1969

157
Q

What did Lin begin to plan and when?

A

A coup for early 1971

158
Q

When did Lin plan a coup?

A

1971

159
Q

What did Lin try to do on September 13th 1971

A

Flee to the USSR but their plane crashed in Mongolia killing all on board

160
Q

Who vied to be Mao’s successor

A

The Gang of Four

161
Q

Why was there a sense of urgency to find a new leader?

A

Mao had Parkinson’s and Zhou Enlai had cancer

162
Q

Who did Mao choose to replace Zhou Enlai?

A

Deng Xiaping

163
Q

When Zhou Enlai did die who did Mao replace him with>

A

Hua Guofeng, not Deng

164
Q

What did people do for Zhou when he died?

A

Left millions of wreaths at Tian’anmen Square

165
Q

How did the Gang of Four react to the wreath laying for Zhou?

A

Thought the masses were saying that Deng should be his successor

166
Q

What happened to the wreaths for Zhou?

A

Police removed them and violence broke out

167
Q

Why did Cultural Revolution end in October 1976?

A

. Mao died on September 9th 1976 and to his supporters his death symbolised the loss of the revolutionary foundation of communist China
. Gang of Four were arrested in October and found guilty - 2 sentenced to death

168
Q

Chen Yun’s summary of Mao

A

. If Mao had died in 1956 there would have been not doubt that he was the great leader of China
. Had he died in 1966 his achievements would have been somewhat tarnished but his overall record was very good
. Since he died in 1976 there is nothing we can do about it

169
Q

What closed and how many did this impact?

A

All schools and colleges closed - 130 million students stopped attending school

170
Q

How many young people moved to the countryside from 1967-72?

A

12 million

171
Q

What happened to the population in the Cultural Revolution?

A

Population doubled from 1953-76

172
Q

What did people attack in the Cultural Revolution?

A

Foreign embassies - Soviet embassy surrounded

173
Q

What became a crime against the government

A

Owning private property

174
Q

What were Chinese prisons called?

A

Gulags

175
Q

How many prison camps were across China by 1976 and how many prisoners a year

A

. 10 million prisoners/year
. 10,000 camps across China

176
Q

What % had a degree in the Cultural Revolution?

A

Less than 1%

177
Q

What % had an education past 12 in the Cultural Revolution?

A

Only 35%

178
Q

How many historical sites were destroyed in Beijing during the Cultural Revolution

A

4922

179
Q

Where were there tensions between the Soviets and China?

A

Western border

180
Q

What was the border like between China and the USSR?

A

Contentious and dated back to the unequal treaties - China wanted their land back

181
Q

What weapons did the USSR have by 1961 and what did this increase to in 1968?

A

. 1961 - 12 divisions, 200 aeroplanes
. 1968 - 25 divisions, 1200 aeroplanes and 120 medium range missiles

182
Q

From 1964-69 how many border incidents were there?

A

4189

183
Q

What did the Brezhnev Doctrine increase the chance of?

A

Soviet military intervention in the PRC should these events continue

184
Q

What did the frantically charged atmosphere of the Cultural Revolution do to china against the Soviet Union?

A

Emboldened them

185
Q

Did Mao want war?

A

No - he was aware that China could not match the USSR militarily

186
Q

Did the USSR want war?

A

No - wanted to maintain a communist block and a diplomatic approach prevailed

187
Q

What happened at the end of the border conflicts?

A

Kosygin and Zhou reached an agreement and both sides withdrew their troops

188
Q

What factors caused the split? (8 factors)

A

. Personality
. Ideology
. Nuclear
. Border disputes
. Great Leap Forward
. Nationalist
. De-Stalinisation
. Brezhnev Doctrine

The Making of Modern China Added Info (13 decks)

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