Books, Magizines, and Newspapers

Question 1

the most credible source of print media

Answer 1

books

Question 2

earliest known rolls containing writing

Answer 2

papyrus

Question 3

Why may people use books

Answer 3

leisure, durability, education, preservation

Question 4

When were papyrus rolls first made

Answer 4

3500 b.c.

Question 5

1st known alphabet, writing that was based on speech rather than symbols

Answer 5

phenocian alphabet

Question 6

When was wooden block printing first seen

Answer 6

during the Tang Dysnasty

Question 7

first printed book in existence

Answer 7

Diamond Sutra

Question 8

What can be used as writing materials

Answer 8

paper, clay tablets animal skins, parchment, linen, wood-pulp paper

Question 9

roman meathod of book binding that used sheets of papyrus/parchment between paper

Answer 9

codex

Question 10

Advantages of the codex

Answer 10

grater ease of rading and made codexes possible

Question 11

Invented the first printing press that used movable type

Answer 11

Johann Gutenberg

Question 12

first book to be printed with movable type

Answer 12

Mazerian bible

Question 13

made the first printing press in england

Answer 13

William Caxton

Question 14

What were some social changes books gave

Answer 14

formed new opinions, which led to the protestant ref.

Question 15

1st printing press in America, established at harvard University in 1638

Answer 15

Cambridge Press

Question 16

Describe te people of the coloniel period and readng

Answer 16

only wealthy could afford books, as they were expensive, there was a low literacy rate

Question 17

Literacy rate in 1800

Answer 17

10%

Question 18

What led to higher education rates

Answer 18

Compulsery

Question 19

What indestrial improvement lowered costs of books?

Answer 19

Steam Engines and Mechanica Typesetting Machines

Question 20

How much were books in the 19th century

Answer 20

10 cents

Question 21

literacy rate by 1900

Answer 21

90%

Question 22

What happend in the publising goes public era?

Answer 22

Led to mergers and independant companies sold stocks

Question 23

Causes of the public era

Answer 23

competition amoung public houses, mass demand for works of fiction, commercialization of litature, and printing with buisnesses

Question 24

books sold in stores to general customers

Answer 24

trade books

Question 25

published for students

Answer 25

textbooks

Question 26

post-grad specialist

Answer 26

scholarly books

Question 27

mass marketed titles sold at stands and stores

Answer 27

paperback

Question 28

Mix of enertntainment, culture, and commentary

Answer 28

magizines

Question 29

first magizine publcations, both cretated in England

Answer 29

The tattler and the spectator

Question 30

early american mags

Answer 30

The Port Folio, North American Review, and the Saturday evening post

Question 31

first mag to have an audience of women

Answer 31

godey's lady book

Question 32

made around the time of the civil war, became a source for opinion

Answer 32

The Nation

Question 33

achieved mass ciruclation by making penny newspapers

Answer 33

Frank A. Munsey

Question 34

Characteritics of modern day mags

Answer 34

low priced, large cirulation, support from advetisers, and service to diverse audiences

Question 35

What did people refer to magizines as

Answer 35

people's champions because they exposed corruption

Question 36

``` journalists who attacked and sought changes from oil companies, meat-packing firms, medicine manufacturers, city govt.’s, labor organizations, U.S. Senate ```

Answer 36

muckrackers

Question 37

Why did muckrakers end

Answer 37

WWII

Question 38

How did mags improve in the 30s-50s

Answer 38

improvement in production processes, bolder graphics, higher quality, more photojournalism

Question 39

mag giants

Answer 39

Time, the new yorker

Question 40

buisness mags

Answer 40

fortune and buisness week

Question 41

Color photos of suggestive models Competitive edge – bait for both male and female readers (men wanted them, women wanted to be them “Esquire” – 1st of the “slick” mens’s magazines

Answer 41

cover girl

Question 42

1st of the “slick” mens’s | magazines

Answer 42

esquire

Question 43

What was the effect of television on mags

Answer 43

TV made mags less popluar because it offered action, sound and color(1960s) and was affordable

Question 44

What was the subscription war

Answer 44

magizines cut down on circulation because they were losing money

Question 45

Began publishing in 4 regions as well as nationally Editorial content identical but advertising varied by region Advertisers able to reach particular regions at lower cost

Answer 45

The Wall Street Journal

Question 46

what did regional edits do

Answer 46

``` permitted advertisers and manufacturers to reach customers whose interest in news/ world affairs indicated high education level/ affluence (valuable to advertisers) ```

Question 47

Most signifigant change in mag history

Answer 47

``` Shift from national magazines of general interest (“Life”, “Look”) to more specialized publications Most magazines today appeal to specific audiences in specific locales ```

Question 48

How do people prepare for the relase of the magizine

Answer 48

``` Each issue prepared 4-6 months in advance of publication Some articles written by staff, others contracted – balance of 2 techniques w/ edge toward staff writing b/c it is more reliable and cheaper Magazine editors try to maintain a consistent tone – a proven format of material that will appeal to the magazine’s specific readership ```

Question 49

Editor decides what gets printed Dictated by rigid requirements of specific audience

Answer 49

Gatekeeping function

Question 50

Magizines that make the most money

Answer 50

National Geographic, Time, Reader's Digest, people

Question 51

A geographically limited medium issued regularly from a press on unbound paper containing news, commentary, features, photos, and advertising to serve the general interests of a specific community or audience

Answer 51

newspaper

Question 52

5 departments of most newspapers

Answer 52

``` News/ editorial Advertising Production Circulation Administration ```

Question 53

``` Roman newspaper Daily, handwritten gazette launched by Julius Caesar, 59 BC Reported newsworthy events, private and official notices ```

Answer 53

Acta Diurna

Question 54

China’s early version of the newspaper Provided news to gov’t officials and intellectual elite

Answer 54

Ti Pao

Question 55

Pamphlets dist. by English printers containign topical news

Answer 55

Tracts

Question 56

``` Single sheet tracts dealing w/ current/ foreign affairs (common by 1621) ```

Answer 56

corantos

Question 57

4 page bulletins of local news (1640’s)

Answer 57

diurnals

Question 58

1st American Newspaper

Answer 58

“Publick Occurrences, both Foreign | and Domestick”

Question 59

What happend to “Publick Occurrences, both Foreign | and Domestick”

Answer 59

It was ended by authorties because it did not have a lisence

Question 60

Strategy of licensing that effectively prevented “dangerous” ideas from being printed

Answer 60

prior restraint

Question 61

America’s 1st continuing newspaper Published with support of colonial gov’t

Answer 61

The Boston Newsletter

Question 62

Who made the boston newsletter

Answer 62

John Campbell

Question 63

“published by authority” Contents similar to “Boston Newsletter” (trite/ boring)

Answer 63

The Boston Gazette

Question 64

who made the boston gazette

Answer 64

William Brooker

Question 65

Differed from predecessors in | content and lack of proper license

Answer 65

The New England Corrant

Question 66

Who was the author of the New England Corrant

Answer 66

James Franklin

Question 67

challenges for early newspapers

Answer 67

Struggle for freedom of the press without prior restraint Quest to allow truth of statements as a defense for libel

Question 68

Who wrote the crisis papers

Answer 68

thomas paine

Question 69

who wrote the federalist papers

Answer 69

alexander hamilton

Question 70

1st true mass-circulation newspaper | Started by Benjamin Day in 1833

Answer 70

The sun

Question 71

Why did the cost of newspapers decline

Answer 71

shifting of production costs to advertisers

Question 72

``` 1840-1870 Bridge btwn old and new press Editors pursued principle of popular appeal Began methodical organization of press into major social institution ```

Answer 72

era of personal editors

Question 73

``` Editors invented incidents and headlines to go with them Facts played relatively small role – excessive sensationalism Consequence of circulation wars Newspapers became big business ```

Answer 73

Yellow Journalism

Question 74

non-newspaper content of the 1800s-1900s

Answer 74

Comic strips, advice columns, | puzzles, features, weekly columns

Question 75

1920’s and 30’s Represented renewed appeal of sensationalism

Answer 75

Jazz journalism

Question 76

Smaller tabloid format provided easier reading for subway riders Largest circulation in the U.S.

Answer 76

New York Daily News

Question 77

Who founded the New York Times

Answer 77

Adolph Ochs in 1896