Botanicals - Gastrointestinal System Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
The GI section is broken into 6 categories. What are they?
A
Anthelmintics Astringents Bitters Carminatives Demulcents Regulators
2
Q
GI list of botanicals
A
Juglans nigra Tanacetum vulgare Ceonothus americanus Geranium maculatum Quercus rubra Articum lappa Artemisia absinthum Artemisia vulgaris Gentiana lutea Cinnamonum zeylandicum Foeniculum vulgare Matricaria recutita Mentha piperita Rosmarinus officinalis Cannabis sativa Linum usitatissimum Ulmus ribra Aloe vera Cassia senna Podophyllum peltatum Rhamnus frangula Rhamnus purshiana Ricinus communis rumex crispus
3
Q
What botanicals are considered GI Anthelmintics? what does Anthelmintics mean?
A
Juglans nigra
Tanacetum vulgare
Used to destroy parasitic worms
4
Q
Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) indications
A
Intestinal parasites and worms, chronic constipation, dysentery, hemorrhoids, high cholesterol
5
Q
Juglans nigra CI
A
Pregnancy, long term use
6
Q
Juglans nigra s/e’s
A
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, carcinogenic, mutagenic
7
Q
Juglans nigra constituents
A
naphthoquinones, volatile oils, tannins
8
Q
Juglans nigra actions
A
Anti-parasitic, anthelminthic, astringent, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic
Jug of nigra (black) worms can cause cancer and kill babies.
9
Q
Juglans nigra family, parts used
A
family: Juglandaceae; Parts used: Bark, leaves, rind of the fruit
10
Q
Tanacetum vulgare (Tansy) indications
A
Intestinal worms, intestinal parasites. Gingivitis, weak digestion, amenorrhea
Tenacious and vulgar worms can be kept at bay with thujone but can also kill your baby.
11
Q
Tanacetum vulgare CI
A
Pregnancy, G.I. irritation
12
Q
Tanacetum vulgare interactions
A
None
13
Q
Tanacetum vulgare s/e’s
A
Allergic hypersensitivity to Asteraceae
14
Q
Tanacetum vulgare constituents
A
Volatile oils: thujone, artemisia ketone, isothujone. Sesquiterpene lacotnes, flavonoids, tannins
15
Q
Tanacetum vulgare actions
A
anthelmintic, insecticide, emmenagogue. Bitter, astringent
16
Q
Tanacetum vulgare family, parts used
A
Family: Asteraceae
Parts used; dried flowering herb
17
Q
how many astringents are there in the G.I. system, name them
A
there are 3
Ceanothus americanus
Gernamium maculatum
Quercus rubra
18
Q
Ceanothus americanus (New Jersey Tea) indications
A
Fatty liver, hepatitis, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, bronchitis, asthma, cough, dysentery, G.I. bleeding, skin irritation and sores.
CeCe an Thus are true Americanos! Two Jersey boys drinking Long Island Ice teas. Too bad they both end up with fatty livers and enlarged spleen and LNs. They both end up in the hospital with GI bleeds, skin sores and coughing their brains out.
19
Q
Ceanothus americanus CI
A
None
20
Q
Ceanothus americanus s/e’s
A
None
21
Q
Ceanothus americanus interactions
A
May antagonize anticoagulants
22
Q
Ceanothus americanus constituents
A
cyclic peptide alkaloids, triterpenes: ceanothusic acid, ceanothenic acid. Tannins
23
Q
Ceanothus americanus actions
A
Astringent, anti-spasmodic, splenic tonic. Hypotensive, Sedative, expectorant.
24
Q
Ceanothus americanus pharmacology
A
Tannins have an astringent effect from rat studies where the herb reduce blood clotting time by 25%. Results are difficult to assess to extrapolate to its application human studies. The herbs useful as an astringent, expectorant and anti-spasmodic.
25
Ceanothus americanus Family and parts used
Family: Rhamnaceae
| Parts used: dried leaves, dried root bark and fresh leaves
26
Geranium maculatum (American cransebill) Indications
Bleeding gastrointestinal ulcers, hemorrhoids, wounds. Heavy menstruation, metarrahgia, dysmenorrhea
27
Geranium maculatum CI
None
28
Geranium maculatum s/e's
None
29
Geranium maculatum interactions
Tannins may reduce drug absorption when taken simultaneously
30
Geranium maculatum constituents
Tannins; Gallo tannins 30%
31
Geranium maculatum pharmacology
Tannins give the herb astringent, hemostyptic and tonic properties
32
Geranium maculatum Family and parts used
Family: Geraniaceae
| Parts used: dried rhizome and leaves
33
Quercus rubra (red oak) indications
Topical: veracities, anal fissure, wounds, small burns, strains, sprains, weeping eczema, hemorrhoids
Douche: leukorrhea, vaginal prolapse, postpartum uterine bleeding
Internal: diarrhea, dysentery, rectal bleed, IBD, ulcers
34
Quercus rubra CI
Heart failure, large areas of skin damage, constipation, iron deficiency anemia
35
Quercus rubra interactions
Tannins may reduce drug absorption when taken simultaneously
36
Quercus rubra constituents
Tannins
37
Quercus rubra Family and parts used
Family: Fagaceae
| Parts used: Bark
38
how many bitters are there in the gastrointestinal system? Name them.
```
There are four bitters
Articum lappa (Burdock)
Artemesia absinthum (Wormwood)
Artemisia vulagris (mugwort)
Gentian lutea (Gentian, yellow gentian)
```
39
Articum lappa indications
Burdock's action is a bitter stimulant for digestive juice secretion (bile). This helps with digestion and appetite, as well as for anorexia nervosa and similar conditions. It's also used for treating skin conditions that result in dry and scaly patches like psoriasis, eczema, dandruff.
Topical leaves: mastitis, OA, RA, sprains.
40
Articum lappa CI
May cause allergic reaction and people sensitive to plants of the Asteraceae family
41
Articum lappa s/e's
Nausea
42
Articum lappa interactions
Additive hypoglycemic effect may necessitate adjustment of insulin (speculative)
43
Articum lappa constituents
lignins, sesquiterpene lactones, tannins, mucilage, pectin, fatty acids, phenolic acids
44
Articum lappa actions
Alternative, diuretic, bitter, hypoglycemic
45
Articum lappa Family and parts used
Family: Asteraceae
| Parts used: Root, seeds, leaf
46
Artemesia absinthum (wormwood) indications
Weak digestion, dyspepsia, stomach pain, colic, gas. Round worm and pin worms. Mild depression. Colds and influenza
47
Artemesia absinthum CI
History of seizures, stomach or intestinal ulcers. Pregnancy and breast-feeding.
48
Artemesia absinthum s/e's
Continuous use of wormwood is not advisable. thujon content of this herb in large doses can lead to vomiting, stomach and intestinal cramps, headaches, dizziness, and disturbances of the central nervous system.
49
Artemesia absinthum interactions
Antagonistic effect with proton pump inhibitors (esomeprazole)
Iron: tannin content of wormwood may complex with concomitantly administered iron and may result in adverse sequela and blood components. Administer separately within one to two hour spacing.
50
Artemesia absinthum constituents
Volatile oil: THUJONE. Sesquiterpene bitters; absinthine, anabsinthine, matricine
51
Artemesia absinthum actions
Bitter, carminative, antimicrobial, antidepressant (mild)
52
Artemesia absinthum Family and parts used
Family: Asteraceae
| Parts used: Aerial leaf
53
Artemisia vulgaris (Mugwort) indications
Poor digestion (hypochlorhydia, dyspepsia, biliary insufficiency, dyskinesia, anorexia, atonic constipation, gas), depression, amenorrhea
54
Artemisia vulgaris CI
Due to bitter digestive stimulation: Gerd, active peptic ulcer, gastritis, biliary obstruction, acute cholelithiasis, diarrhea; pregnancy and lactation; allergy to asteraceae family
55
Artemisia vulgaris Interactions
Antagonistic effect with proton pump inhibitors (esomeprazole)
Potentiates hypoglycemic drugs (Metforman, glyburide, Rosiglitazone)
theoretical: decrease drug absorption due to increased motility
56
Artemisia vulgaris s/e's
Thujone: emmenagogue, abortifacient, convulsions
57
Artemisia vulgaris constituents
volatile oils: thujone, camphor. Sesquiterpene lactones: vulgarin, pilostachyin,. Lipophilic flavonoids. Hydroxycoumarins: aesculetin
58
Artemisia vulgaris actions
Bitter tonic, nervine tonic. Carminative, Emmenagogue
59
Artemisia vulgaris Family and parts used
Family: Asteraceae
| Parts used: Root, dried branch tips
60
Gentiana lutea (Gentian, Yellow gentian) indications
Dyspeptic complaints, loss of appetite, flatulence. I'll see used as a tonic and in teas to stimulate bile secretion and alleviate loss of appetite and fullness.
61
Gentiana lutea CI
Deserves stimulation of gastric juice secretion rules out it's administration in the presence of stomach or duodenal ulcers
62
Gentiana lutea s/e's
Excess stomach acid, nausea
63
Gentiana lutea interactions
Antagonistic effect with proton pump inhibitors (esomeprazole)
theoretical: decreased drug absorption due to increased gut motility
64
Gentiana lutea constituents
Iridoid monoterpenes (bitter principles), monosaccharides, pyridine alkaloids
65
Gentiana lutea actions
Bitter, cholagogue, hepato-tonic, sialogogue, antimicrobial, Emmenagogue
66
Gentiana lutea pharmacology
Essential active substances are the bitters in the serve that bring a reflux stimulation of the taste receptors, leading to increased secretion of saliva in the digestive juices. It's also restorative and tonic, with a possible cholagogic effect that may be sensory reflexive.
67
Gentiana lutea Family and parts used
Family: Gentianaceae
| Parts used: Rhizome and root
68
How many Carminatives are there in the gastrointestinal system? Name them.
```
There are five.
Cinnanmomum zeylanicum (Cinnamon)
Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel)
Mentha piperita (peppermint)
Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary)
Zingiber officinale (Ginger)
```
69
Cinnanmomum zeylanicum indications
Loss of appetite; nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia (indigestion)
70
Cinnanmomum zeylanicum CI
Pregnancy, allergic sensitivity, stomach or intestinal ulcers, acid reflux, prolonged use of the essential oil is toxic because of Cinnamaldehyde Content
71
Cinnanmomum zeylanicum s/e's
G.I. irritant, nausea, vomiting
72
Cinnanmomum zeylanicum constituents
Volatile oil: cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid. Diterpenes, oligomeric proanthocyanidines, mucilages.
73
Cinnanmomum zeylanicum actions
Astringent, Carminative, antibacterial (H. pylori), antimicrobial, vasodilator, diaphoretic, anti-spasmodic
74
Cinnanmomum zeylanicum Family and parts used
Family: Lauraceae
| Parts used: Cinnamon oil extracted from the bark and cinnamon leaf oil
75
Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) indications
Fennel is an excellent stomach and intestinal remedy that relieves flatulence and colic while stimulating digestion and appetite. It has a calming affect and bronchitis, coughs and has a flavoring cough remedy. Infant colic, non-ulcer dyspepsia, maldigestion, irritable bowel syndrome, flatulence. Catarrh of the upper respiratory tract.
76
Foeniculum vulgare CI
Pregnancy, children under two, prolonged use
77
Foeniculum vulgare Interactions
None
78
Foeniculum vulgare s/e's
Cross sensitivity with celery allergy may be possible. Allergic reactions are rare. Fresh plant may cause contact dermatitis. CNS toxicity in high doses.
79
Foeniculum vulgare constituents
Volatile oil, flavonoids, coumarins
80
Foeniculum vulgare actions
Carminative, spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, phytoestrogen, galactagogue
81
Foeniculum vulgare family and parts used
Family: apiaceae
| Parts used: fennel oil extracted from ripe fruit and ride ripe fruit and fennel seeds
82
Mentha piperita (peppermint) indications
Topical: mylagia, OA, RA, Headaches, Strains and sprains
Internal: Cholelithiasis, infant colic, non-ulcer dyspepsia, flatus, maldigestion, IBS, IBD, nausea, vomiting, smooth muscle spasm, possible viral upper respiratory tract infection
83
Mentha piperita CI
Pregnancy due to its emmamagogue effect. Gerd; occlusion of biliary ducts, gallbladder inflammation and severe liver disease. Do not apply to open wounds. Do not apply to the faces of infants or small children especially nasal area due to potential asthmatic reaction.
84
Mentha piperita s/e's
May cause allergic reaction. Avoid with glucose six phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Avoid prolonged use as an inhalant.
85
Mentha piperita interactions
Concurrent use of peppermint oil and calcium channel blockers may result in reduced effectiveness of calcium channel blockers.
86
Mentha piperita constituents
Volatile oils: menthol, menthone, methyl acetate. Caffeic acid: rosmaric acid. Flavonoids.
87
Mentha piperita actions
Spasmolytic, carminitive, anti-emetic, counter irritant, antimicrobial, nervine
88
Mentha piperita family and parts used
family: Lamiaceae
| parts used: Oil extracted from aerial parts of the flowering plant, the dried leaves and flowering branch tips
89
Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) indications
Topical: myalgia, neuralgia, arthritis
Internal: Dyspeptic complaints, loss of appetite
90
Rosmarinus officinalis CI
Pregnancy, epilepsy due to camphor inducing seizures
91
Rosmarinus officinalis s/e's
At toxic dosage, may lead to coma, spasm, vomiting and death
92
Rosmarinus officinalis interactions
Potentiates doxorubicin and vinblastine
93
Rosmarinus officinalis constituents
Caffeic acid derivatives: chief component Rosmarinic acid. Diterpenes (bitter), flavonoids, triterpenes. Volatile oil: camphor, limonene, borneol, cineole.
94
Rosmarinus officinalis actions
Antimicrobial, hypertensive, circulatory stimulant, antioxidant, carminative. Rosemary oil improves circulation when applied externally.
95
Zingiber officinalis (Ginger) indications
Loss of appetite, travel motion sickness even prophylactically, does peptic complaints. Ginger demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects and rheumatoid arthritis due to dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase and the Lipo oxygenase. It also has the ability to inhibit the actions of prostaglandins.
96
Zingiber officinalis CI
Some experts suggest that ginger should not be used in pregnancy during morning sickness or lactation. However there has been no clinical evidence that's been found to substantiate any harmful effects to the mother or fetus. To be safe do not exceed 2 g per day during pregnancy. Because of its cholagogic effect, this herb should not be taken in the presence of gallstone conditions.
Ginger may inhibit thromboxane synthesis and should not be used in patients who are at risk for hemorrhage.
97
Zingiber officinalis Interactions
Anticoagulants: concurrent use may result in increased risk of bleeding. Studies suggest that over 4 g of dried or 15 g of raw ginger root daily must be ingested in order to have an affect on blood coagulation.
98
Zingiber officinalis s/e's
Minor G.I. complaints such as gas, bloating and heartburn. Ginger can cause hypersensitivity reactions resulting in dermatitis.
99
Zingiber officinalis constituents
Volatile oils: zingiberene and arcurcumene, alpha-farnesene. Gingerol, shogaol. Starch.
100
Zingiber officinalis actions
Warming stimulating tonic, carminative, anti-emetic, rubefacient, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, anti-inflammatory.
101
Zingiber officinalis Family and parts used
Family: Zingiberaceae
| Parts used: Medicinal parts is the root
102
How many demulcents are there in the gastrointestinal system? Name them.
```
There are four.
Althea officinalis (Marshmallow, Sweet weed, Althea)
Cannabis sativa (marijuana)
Linum usitatissimum (Linseed, Flax)
Ulmus species (Umus rubra, Slippery elm)
```
103
Althea officinalis indications
Inflammation of the gastric mucosa; oral and pharyngeal irritation
104
Althea officinalis CI
Profuse catarrh or congestion of mucous membranes in respiratory conditions
105
Althea officinalis s/e's
None
106
Althea officinalis interactions
Concurrent use may result in impaired drug absorption. Administration of marshmallow should be separated by at least two hours from that of other orally administered drugs
107
Althea officinalis constituents
Mucilages: mixture soluble polysaccharides (galacturonic rhamnans, arabinogalactancs, arabans and glucans. Pectins and starches.
108
Althea officinalis actions
Demulcent, emollient, vulnerary, anti-inflammatory
109
Althea officinalis Family and parts used
family: Malvaceae
| Parts used: Root, leaves, flowers and syrup
110
Cannibis sativa (Marijuana) Indications
Dronabinol (Marinol) is used as an appetite stimulant in the treatment of AIDS related anorexia and as an anti-emetic for chemotherapy induced vomiting. In the 19 century, Indian hemp was described as having a euphoric effect used for insomnia, neuralgia, painful rheumatism, painful G.I. disorders, tetanus, epilepsy, acute bronchitis and asthma
111
Cannibis sativa CI
use of Dronabinol is contraindicated in patients whose nausea and vomiting is due to reasons other than chemotherapy. Not to be used during pregnancy (category C). Breast-feeding. Personal or family history of schizophrenia. Heavy, prolonged use by smoking. Do not operate motor vehicle with an eight hours of use.
112
Cannibis sativa s/e's
Dizziness, euphoria, laughing fits, paranoid reaction, somnolence, and abnormal thinking. Caution is advised of canvases use with CNS depressant drugs. Giatric patients are more sensitive to the CNS effects than younger individuals.
Contamination: non-pharmaceutical cannabis may be contaminated with the fungus aspergillus. This may be hazardous to patients with compromised immune systems or fungal infections.
Repiratory: Long term smoking of cannabis has been associated with chronic respiratory symptoms such a sore throat, rhinitis, bronchitis, and increase respiratory tract retention of tar.
113
Cannibis sativa interactions
Concurrent use of sildenafil may result in cardiovascular adverse affects including myocardial infarction. Avoid using with CNS depressants. Concurrent use with ethanol may result in increased intoxication.
114
Cannibis sativa constituents
Cannabinoids: chief active agent nine tetrahydrocannabinol (9-THC). Volatile or oils, flavonoids
115
Cannibis sativa actions
Analgesic, sedative, anti-emetic, psychoactive. Anti-inflammatory, hypotensive
116
Cannibis sativa Family and parts used
Family: Moraceae/cannabinaceae
| Parts used: Twig tips of the female flowers, with either flowers or fruit attached
117
Linum usitatissimum (linseed, flax) indications
Constipation, G.I. irritation, nutritive (EFAs, lignans). Hormone imbalance, breast cancer.
118
Linum usitatissimum CI
Ileus (intestinal obstruction) of any origin; stricture of the esophagus, acute inflammatory illnesses of the intestine, esophagus and stomach entrance.
119
Linum usitatissimum s/e's
None. The oil should never be heated as it becomes mutagenic. The oil contained within the seed is perishable and must be protected during processing, and also during handling and storage. Keep out of direct light and in refrigerator to preserve it.
120
Linum usitatissimum interactions
Flaxseed contains mucilage and cellulose, so absorption of other drugs taken simultaneously may be delayed.
121
Linum usitatissimum constituents
mucilages: arabinoxylans, galactans, rhamnogalacturonans. Cyanogenic glycosides. Fatty oil: Linoleic acid, oleic acid. Proteins. Lignans.
122
Linum usitatissimum pharmacology
Flaxseed has laxative effects arising from increase volume and consequent initiation of intestinal peristalsis from stimulation of stretch receptors. Flaxseed oil is the richest known source of omega-3 fatty acids and lignins. Omega-3 fatty acids suppress the production of interleukin tumor necrosis factor and leukotriene B4 from monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Flaxseeds lignins have shown antineoplastic effects based on in vitro and animal research. Lignins are anti-mycotic, anti-oxidative and anti-estrogenic.
123
Linum usitatissimum actions
Demulcent, emollient, laxative, antitussive, anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic
124
Linum usitatissimum family and parts used
Family: Linaceae
| Parts used: Oil extracted from the seeds, dry ripe seeds
125
Ulmus species (Ulmus rubra- Slippery elm) Indications
Primary indications for slippery elm is the treatment of irritated and inflamed mucus membranes such as the lining of the throat and digestive tract. Used externally as a poultice, it is used to expedite healing of wounds, burns, swollen glands by soothing the inflammation.
126
Ulmus species CI
None
127
Ulmus species s/e's
None
128
Ulmus species Interactions
Taking iron and slippery elm together may affect iron absorption due to the tannins. For now, patients who need iron supplementation should take it separately and a two hour span.
129
Ulmus species constituents
Polysaccharides, mucilage, tannins
130
Ulmus species pharmacology
Slippery elm contains large amounts of mucilage, which will coat the surface of the mucous membranes or surface of wounds and sores when it comes in contact with water
131
Ulmus species actions
Demulcent, astringent, anti-inflammatory
132
Ulmus species family and parts used
Family: Ulmaceae
| Parts used: Dried inner rind separated from the outer bark
133
how many G.I. regulator herbs or list it? Name them.
```
Aloe vera
Cassia augustifolia (Senna)
Podophyllum peltatum (Mayapple, American mandrake)
Rhamnus frangula (Frangula)
Rhamnus purshiana (Cascara sagrada)
Ricinis communis (Castor bean plant, Castor oil plant)
Rumex crispus (Yellow dock)
```
134
Aloe vera indications
Topical: Burns, wounds, frost bite, ulcerations, stretch marks, warts, varicose veins
Internal: Gastritis, IBD, peptic ulcer, interstitial or infectious cystitis
135
Aloe vera CI
3rd degree burns, deep and/or infected wounds, wounds healing by secondary intention.
136
Aloe vera s/e's
Very safe herb, but may cause diarrhea and/or cramping
137
Aloe vera interactions
Additive hypoglycemic effect with glyburide
| Theoretical: reduce absorption of drugs due to action of polysaccharides
138
Aloe vera constituents
Anthracene derivatives, 2 alkylchromones, favonoids
139
Aloe vera actions
Inflammation and immune modulator, vulnerary, demulcent
140
Aloe vera family and parts used
Family: Liliaceae
| Parts used: Dried juice of the leaves
141
Cassia augustifolia (Senna) Indications
Constipation
142
Cassia augustifolia CI
Not to be administered in the presence of intestinal obstruction, acute inflammatory intestinal disease or appendicitis
143
Cassia augustifolia s/e's
Acute G.I. cramping, colic, harmless red urine/feces, pseudomelanosis coli (benign reversible pigmentation of the wall of the colon) diarrhea (leads to electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, hematuria, albuminuria, builds dependency), uterus reflex leads to contraction, miscarriage.
144
Cassia augustifolia Interactions
Avoid hypokalemia drugs: diuretics (furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide), corticosteroids (hydrocortisone, prednisone, dexamethosone), cardiac glycosides (digoxin, Convallaria, Digitalis, Leonarus), anti-arrhythmics (atenolol, propranolol, amiodarone), pseudoephedrine, Glycyrrhiza
Theoretical: reduce absorption of drugs due to increased transit time
145
Cassia augustifolia constituents
Anthracene derivatives, naphthacene derivatives
146
Cassia augustifolia pharmacology
Senna is an anthranoid-type of stimulating laxative. The laxative effect is by inhibition of water and electrolyte absorption from the large intestine, which increases the volume and pressure of the intestinal contents. This will stimulate colon motility resulting in propulsive contractions.
147
Cassia augustifolia family and parts used
Family: Fabaceae
| Parts used: Leaves, fruit and flowers
148
Podophyllum peltatum indications
Approved for warts (poultice, lotion, ointment). Constipation, cancer
149
Podophyllum peltatum CI
Pregnancy. Gallstones, GI irritation
150
Podophyllum peltatum side effects
Irritating to skin and mucous membranes. Drug should be taken internally--severe abdominal pain, bloody-watery diarrhea, vomiting of liquid bile, dizziness, headache, spasms, collapse and death through respiratory failure.
151
Podophyllum peltatum constituents
Podophyllin, lignans
152
Podophyllum peltatum actions
Purgative (not used anymore due to cytotoxicity), antitumor
153
Podophyllum peltatum Family and parts used
Family: Berberidaceae
| Parts used: Dried rhizome and the resin extracted from it
154
```
Rhamnus frangula (Frangula)
Rhamnus purshiana (Cascara sagrada) Indications
```
Constipation
155
Rhamnus frangula
| Rhamnus purshiana CI
Not to be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding.Intestinal obstruction. Children younger than 12. Do not use for over 1-2 weeks.
156
Rhamnus frangula
| Rhamnus purshiana s/e's
Acute GI cramping, colic, harmless red urine/feces, pseudomelanosis coli, diarrhea (leads to electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, hematuria, albuminuria, builds dependency).
157
Rhamnus frangula
| Rhamnus purshiana Interactions
Avoid hypokalemic drugs: Diuretics (furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide), corticosteroids (hydrocortisone, prednisone, dexamethosone), cardiac glycosides (digoxin, Convallaria, Digitalis, Leonarus), anti-arrhythmics (atenolol, propanolol, amiodarone), pseudoephedrine, Glycyrrhiza.
Theoretical: reduce absorption of drugs due to increased transit time
158
Rhamnus frangula
| Rhamnus purshiana constituents
Antracene derivatives, naphthalene derivatives: naphthoquinones. Peptide alkaloids (traces): frangulanine.
159
Rhamnus frangula
| Rhamnus purshiana pharmacology
Anthracene derivatives induce active secretions of electrolytes and water in the intestinal lumen and inhibit the absorption of electrolytes and water from the colon by stimulating propulsive contractions. The increased water and subsequent volume of the intestinal content raise pressure and stimulate intestinal peristalsis.
160
Rhamnus frangula
| Rhamnus purshiana actions
Laxative, cathartic, emetic, bitter
161
Rhamnus frangula
| Rhamnus purshiana family and parts used
Family: Rhamnaceae
| Parts used: Dried bark of the trunk branches
162
Ricinis communis (castor bean plant, castor oil plant) Indications
Constipation. the oil is also used externally for inflammatory skin dosrders, furnuncles, carbuncles and abscesses
163
Ricinis communis CI
Topical: use over large areas of broken skin
Internal: Use beyond 10 days, bulimia, intestinal obstruction, spastic constipation, acute GI inflammation, unknown abdominal pain, under 12 years of age, pregnant, lactating
164
Ricinis communis s/e's
An excess of Castro oil consumption: acute G.I. cramping, colic, harmless red urine/feces, pseudomelanosis coli, diarrhea (leads to electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, hematuria albuminuria, builds dependency).
With castor being poisoning, the Ricinus lechtins disturb the function of ribosomes and thereby prevent proteins synthesis. 12 castor beans are about the amount to kill an adult. Symptoms of ricin poisoning our colon severe gastroenteritis with bloody vomiting bloody diarrhea kidney inflammation loss of electrolytes convulsions and death due to hypovolemic shock. Treat with IV diazepam with generous fluids and electrolytes substitution and possible acidosis with sodium by carbonate infusions.
165
Ricinis communis interactions
Avoid hypokalemic drugs: Diuretics (furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide), corticosteroids (hydrocortisone, prednisone, dexamethosone), cardiac glycosides (digoxin, Convallaria, Digitalis, Leonarus), anti-arrhythmics (atenolol, propanolol, amiodarone), psuedoephedrine, GLycyrrhiza.
Theoretical: reduce absorption of drugs due to increased transit time
166
Ricinis communis constituents
Fatty oil, proteic substances, lectins: recin D (RCA-60 - severely toxic, RCA-120 --less toxic), pyridine alkaloids, tocopherols (vitamin E). Triglycerides: chief fatty acids- ricinoleic acid.
167
Ricinis communis pharmacology
Laxative principle of Castor oil is the ricinoleic acid. Ricinoleic acid is anti-absorptive and secretogogic. Castor beans are severely poisonous due to the toxic lectin content.
168
Ricinis communis actions
Laxative, purgative (bowel movement in 3-5 hours after ingestion)
169
Ricinis communis family and parts used
Family: Euphorbiaceae
| Parts used: Oil extracted from the seeds, the fat extracted from the oil
170
Rumex crispus (yellow dock) Indications
Mild constipation, sluggish digestion, liver constipation. The plant has traditionally used as a decoction for scurvy and other skin eruptions, and as a blood cleanser
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Rumex crispus CI
GI irritation, history of kidney disease and oxalates
172
Rumex crispus s/e's
Acute GI cramping, colic, harmless red urine/feces, pseudomelanosis coli, diarrhea, (leads to electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, hematuria, albuminuria, builds dependency).
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Rumex crispus interactions
Avoid hypokalemic drugs: diuretics (furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide), corticosteroids (hydrocortisone, prednisone, dexamethasone), cardiac glycosides (digoxin, Convallaria, Digitalis, Leonarus), anti-arrhytmics (atenolol, propanol, amiodarone), pseudoephedrine, glycyrrhiza.
Theoretical: reduce absorption of drugs due to increased transit time
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Rumex crispus constituents
oxalates: oxalic acid. Tannins, flavonoids: quercetin. Anthracene derivatives, naphthalene derivatives
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Rumex crispus actions
Laxative, hepatoprotective
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Rumex crispus family and parts used
Family: polygonaceae
| Parts used: Fresh and dried roots
