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Large Animal Medicine > Bovine Musculoskeletal Disease > Flashcards

Bovine Musculoskeletal Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is occurring in this photo?

a. congenital defect
b. corkscrew claw
c. laminitis
d. scissor claw

A

B

outer claw of the hindlimb turns outward

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2
Q

What is the causative agent of the disease seen in this photo?

a. fungus
b. Fusobacterium necrophorum
c. Treponeme
d. virus

A

C

lives in manure and causes digital dermatitis - hairy heel warts

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3
Q

What is occurring in this photo?

a. corn
b. fescue foot
c. footrot
d. heel wart
e. sole abscess

A

C

interdigital dermatitis = fissure between toes

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4
Q

What are the 2 most common bovine lameness diseases?

A

depends on your practice area!!

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5
Q

True or false: Footrot is seen commonly in young stock AND adults, whereas sole abscesses are more common in adults.

A

True

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6
Q

Bovine foot structure:

A

yellow = where ulcers are most common

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7
Q

What are the 2 lamina found in the bovine foot?

A
  1. insensitive lamina = outer
  2. sensitive lamina (laminar corium) = inner sensitive layer that is affected by laminitis and protrudes with ulcers
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8
Q

What is the most common cause of lameness? What is important to do before tabling a cow/bull for foot exams?

A

foot - 80-90%

know which foot is affected

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9
Q

How can a lame foot be observed before tabling and examining the foot?

A

observe symmetry of feet —> will likely be putting all pressure of opposite foot, making the affected foot not be flat against the ground (toe-touching)

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10
Q

What must be done to completely observe the bovine foot? What are the 3 main diseases checked for?

A

clean/scrape off manure and debris from the foot and interdigital skin and observe for black or brown tracts —> use Swiss knife or regular hoof knife (more precise)

  1. footrot
  2. hairy heel wart
  3. corns
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11
Q

How do beef vs. dairy feet compare?

A

BEEF = hard, must use grinders

DAIRY = softer, in more moist conditions, and can easily use a knife

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12
Q

How can pain be tested for on bovine feet?

A

hoof testers

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13
Q

How long can you leave a cow on a hoof trimming table? What are 4 consequences when they are left longer?

A

30-45 mins

  1. bloat
  2. radial nerve paralysis - must give anti-inflammatory quickly
  3. aspiration pneumonia
  4. trauma
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14
Q

What should be done if it is discovered that lameness is not due to a foot issue?

A

palpate and manipulate the affected and opposite limb, searching out crepitation and pain

  • poor prognosis
  • may need ultrasound for tendon sheath disease
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15
Q

What are the 4 grades of the subjective degrees of lameness?

A
  1. mild and barely noticeable (5%)
  2. obvious, but bears weight when walking and willing to walk (70%)
  3. limited weight bearing and reluctant to move, likely to be a sole abscess or fracture (15%)
  4. does not bear weight on limb, likely septic joints or fracture (10%)
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16
Q

What is footrot? How is it diagnosed?

A

necrotizing interdigital pododermatitis = fissure formation between toes

use senses : see, feel, smell —> culture not needed

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17
Q

What should the normal interdigital skin of the bovine foot look like?

A

like web between your fingers

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18
Q

What are the most common clinical signs seen with footrot?

A

sudden onset, mild to severe…

  • firm reddening and swelling of the interdigital skin
  • NO pus
  • fever, anorexia, weight loss, hypogalactia
  • check other foot!
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19
Q

What is a general rule of thumb for treating inflammation of the bovine foot?

A

above the coronary band = antibiotics!

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20
Q

What are the 3 recommendations for treating footrot? What is prognosis like?

A
  1. antibiotics - susceptible to most, ceftiofur (Naxcel) is most effective and has no milk withdrawal
  2. copper naphthenate (Kopertox)
  3. clean and debride area - can use a used halter to remove dead tissue and expose causative agent to O2

nearly 100% success rate

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21
Q

What is the beef and dairy methods for treating footrot?

A

BEEF - not milking, out on large pasture, and difficult to catch —> likely will only be able to treat once, so needs a more longer acting antibiotic and can only treat with Kopertox and toe floss once

DAIRY - producing milk and actively being milked —> can use normal ceftiofur (Naxcel) that needs multiple doses or Kopertox alone

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22
Q

What is the prognosis of uncomplicated cases of footrot? What can alter prognosis?

A

nearly 100% success rate with recovery within 2-3 days

  • swollen adjacent tissues = fair prognosis
  • joint/tendon involvement = poor prognosis
23
Q

What are 4 possible causes of footrot? Why?

A
  1. constant exposure to wetness (dairy cows!)
  2. sticks and stones cause damage
  3. stubble fields
  4. frozen mud and ice

break the integrity of the interdigital skin, allowing for invasion

24
Q

What is the most common infectious agent that causes footrot? 2 other causes?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum (found in cattle feces), an anaerobic bacteria (toe floss + Penicillin!)

  1. Bacteroides melaninogenicus (proteases)
  2. Dichelobacter nodosus (small ruminant footrot)
25
Q

What is the pathogenesis of footrot?

A
  • interdigital skin injury
  • opportunistic organism invades
  • secrete leukocidal exotoxin, which damages WBCs, hepatic cells, and epithelial cells
  • fissure develops and deepens
  • secondary infection
26
Q

How is footrot controlled?

A
  • hygiene
  • footbaths
  • vaccine can be used, but only 65% effective

(little control needed if immunity develops)

27
Q

What are the major differentials for footrot?

A

interdigital dermatitis

  • FB
  • interdigital hyperplasia (corn)
  • lacerations
    (doesn’t make a real difference with treatment)
28
Q

What weather is thought to increase footrot incidence? Why?

A

dry weather and droughts - water sources dry up, causing cattle to have to walk through mud to get water

29
Q

What is a corn? What breed of cattle is predisposed to developing them?

A

interdigital hyperplasia - thickening of the interdigital skin causing a mass to protrude between claws

Herefords - has to do with hoof structure

30
Q

Corns tend to be innocuous. What indicates they are causing problems?

A

swollen and painful to the touch —> will flinch in pain when touched

31
Q

What alters the severity of symptoms associated with corns?

A

symptoms become more severe as the size of the corn increases (swells due to infection)

  • commonly infected with footrot or scald
32
Q

What conservative treatment is recommended for corns? How are cattle prepared for surgical removal?

A
  • antibiotics
  • foot cleaning
  • hygiene

sterile(ish) scrub prep + regional Bier block

33
Q

What are the steps in corn removal?

A
  • retrain affected limb
  • apply tourniquet above the carpus or just below the hock
  • inject 20 mL lidocaine
  • clip hair and scrub around the corn
  • place a towel clamp on the corn
  • wedge dissect and remove the corn
  • apply topical antimicrobial and wrap (remove in 3 days)
34
Q

What is prognosis of corns following removal? What is the cause? How are they controlled?

A

good - some return

chronic irritation and poor confirmation

routine hoof care and hygiene

35
Q

What is occurring in this hoof?

A

interdigital hyperplasia

  • corn so large that the cow has been walking on it —> flat like the soles
36
Q

What is indicative of interdigital foreign bodies? What treatment is recommended?

A
  • acute onset of 3-legged lameness
  • observation of FB between claws

removal, Kopertox (expect footrot due to secondary infection)

37
Q

What are hairy heel warts?

A

papillomatous digital dermatitis —> chronic proliferative inflammation of the skin, just caudodorsal to the interdigital space

  • terrycloth pattern, hairy growth, strawberry red when fresh
38
Q

Where are hairy heel warts most common?

A

dairies —> contagious!

  • also seen in beef cattle, small ruminants, camelids, other cloven-hooves mammals, and front of foot
39
Q

What is the characteristic appearance of hairy heel wart?

A
  • wart-like (cauliflower), hairy
  • abraided
40
Q

What is occurring in this hoof?

A

hairy heel wart

  • can invade nearby soft tissue
41
Q

Hairy heel wart:

A
  • full range of lameness, not typically as severe as footrot or corns
  • hairs erect and matted with papilliform projections
42
Q

What treatment is recommended for hairy heel warts? Herd outbreaks?

A
  • clean and debride area +/- surgical resection
  • topical oxytetracycline or chlotetracycline, ionized copper, or sodium chlorite
  • bandage just long enough to not create an anaerobic environment

footbaths, especially in herds with less than excellent cleanliness —> every 2 weeks

43
Q

What is the etiology of hairy heel warts? What allows for outbreaks?

A

spirochetes (Treponema) +/- bacterial component

  • normal carriers of newly purchased cows
  • moist and unhygienic conditions
44
Q

Is eradication of hairy heel wart from a herd possible?

A

no —> herd must live with it

  • be careful with introducing new cows to the herd
45
Q

What is a sole ulcer? What are 3 predisposing factors?

A

exposed corium protrudes out of the hoof

  1. poor foot trimming
  2. laminitis
  3. prolonged periods of time on concrete wears down soles
46
Q

What treatments are recommended for sole ulcers?

A
  • clean and debride
  • wrap with dexamethasone and chlortetracycline to control proud flesh
  • remove bandage within 3 days
  • foot trim + apply block to good claw if necessary
  • keep hygienic environment
47
Q

Sole ulcer:

A

trimmed out to keep ulcer from touching the environment

48
Q

What is a Rusterholtz ulcer? How is it treated?

A

granulation tissue protruding through an ulcer, resulting in severe lameness

  • trimmed back
  • apply block or cow slip to good claw
  • bandage for 3 days
49
Q

What is white line disease?

A

fissured white line, usually affecting the lateral hind claws

50
Q

What is an under-run heel or sole?

A

incidental finding of improper hoof trimming, causing the angle of the heel wall or sole to less than that of the toe wall

51
Q

When are white line diseae, under-run heel/sole, and bruises considered problems?

A

when they are associated with an abscess or ulcer

52
Q

What is a common way of controlling digital dermatitis and footrot? What are 3 options?

A

footbaths

  1. copper sulfate
  2. iodine
  3. formalin (be careful, don’t leave them standing)
53
Q

What disease is affecting this hoof?

A

interdigital fissure = footrot

54
Q

A case of footrot in a lactating diary cow is presented. Conservative debridement and Kopertox were initiated. When should the cow improve? When should more aggressive therapy be taken?

A

within the next day or so

  • if it is becoming worse, start the next day
  • if the same, give it about 2 days

Large Animal Medicine (34 decks)

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