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Food Animal Respiratory Disease Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

What are ruminants with previous lung damage more susceptible to?

A
  • heat stress
  • respiratory infection
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2
Q

What are the normal respiratory rates of adult bovines, goats, sheep, and pigs?

A

15-35 bpm

15-40 bpm

12-20 bpm

10-20 bpm

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3
Q

What are the normal respiratory rates of neonatal calves, lambs, and kids?

A

20-40 bpm

30-70 bpm

40-65 bpm

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4
Q

What are 3 especially important parts of the physical exam for cases of respiratory disease?

A
  1. rectal temperature
  2. digestive system - bloat
  3. thorax - RR and pattern
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5
Q

What are 3 changes in respiration indicative of respiratory disease? What causes each?

A
  1. increased inspiratory effort - cranial to the thoracic inlet (upper airway)
  2. increased expiratory effort - intrathoracic (lower airway, commonly accompanied by a grunt)
  3. breathing through nose or mouth
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6
Q

What is indicative of respiratory disease in this cow?

A

extended neck + recumbent

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7
Q

How can breathing be induced in cattle during a respiratory exam?

A

rectal sleeve over nose

  • referred sounds can be heard over trachea and larynx
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8
Q

How can heart sounds and percussion be affected by respiratory disease?

A

muffled, normal, or louder

simultaneous percussion over ribs and auscultation can identify areas of consolidation

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9
Q

Thoracic exam, left vs. right:

A
  • right = more lung lobes
  • left = easier to hear heart sounds
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10
Q

What are alveoli? Surfactant?

A

moist, thin-walled pockets of the lungs where gas exchange occurs

oily liquid that covers alveolar walls and prevents their collapse and sticking together

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11
Q

Thoracic examination, left:

A

less lobes

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12
Q

What are the 2 layers of pleura on the lungs?

A
  1. parietal - covers inner thoracic wall
  2. viscera - covers lungs

space between - pleura cavity

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13
Q

What is considered the upper airway? How is it examined?

A

trachea and larynx

  • palpated -may elicit a cough or pain
  • auscultation
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14
Q

How is the head examined, especially in cases of suspected respiratory disease?

A
  • symmetry of face, head, and neck
  • eyes - discharge, conjunctivitis, ulcers (keratitis)
  • sinuses - swelling, percussion
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15
Q

How is the nose examined in cases of suspected respiratory disease?

A
  • discharge- serous (early disease), mucopurulent (advanced), uni/bilateral
  • symmetrical air flow
  • mucosa - inflammation, vesicles, ulcers, erosions
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16
Q

How is the oral cavity examined in cases of suspected respiratory disease?

A
  • odor of breath - necrotic = late stage foul odor
  • inflammation - reddening
  • vesicles, ulcers, erosions - viral
  • visualization of pharynx, nasopharynx, and larynx (difficult!)
  • palate pharynx/larynx
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17
Q

What are some diagnostic aides for respiratory disease?

A
  • CBC
  • parasitology - Baerman
  • thoracic radiography and U/S
  • endoscopy
  • transtracheal washing
  • nasal or laryngeal swabs
  • blood gas analysis
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18
Q

What is the characteristic posture of cattle with severe respiratory disease? Why do they do this?

Study These Flashcards
A

stand motionless with elbows abducted, neck extended, head lowered and extended with mouth open and tongue protruding

maximizes airway diameter to minimize resistance to air flow

19
Q

What are some signs of severe respiratory disease?

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A
  • purulent nasal discharge
  • protruding tongue with mouth opening and froth
  • elbows abducted
  • abdominal breathing line
  • roughened staring coat
  • ears drooping

+/- depression, increased RR, mouth breathing, nostril dilation, puffing out cheeks, epiphora, cyanosis, coughing, recunbency

20
Q

Other than pulmonary disease, what can abnormal breathing be a response to?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • acid/base disorders
  • cardiovascular disease
  • excitement
  • systemic toxemia
  • neurological conditions
  • changes in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood (anemia)
21
Q

What are common causes of dyspnea, apnea, tachypnea, oligpnea, and hyperpnea?

Study These Flashcards
A

hypoxia due to the reduced capacity for pulmonary gaseous exchange

meningitis, severe acidosis –> episodic

excitement, pain, fear, disease

(reduction in RR) - metabolic alkalosis

(increased depth) - pulmonary disease, metabolic acidosis, toxemia

22
Q

What do thoracic and abdominal breathing indicate?

Study These Flashcards
A

abdominal pain –> traumatic reticulitis, perforated abomasal ulcer, increased abdominal pressure (bloat)

thoracic pain –> pleuritis, severe pulmonary disease (pneumonia)

23
Q

What is stridor? Snoring?

Study These Flashcards
A

inspiratory sound caused by a reduction in the cross-sectional area od the larynx (commonly seen in laryngeal calf diphtheria)

louder noise associated with retropharyngeal abscessation, which causes external pressure on the larynx or upper airway

24
Q

What is expiratory grunting associated with? Crackling?

Study These Flashcards
A

thoracic pain caused by severe pneumonia and pleuritis

advanced pneumonia

25
What are common causes of mycotic nasal granulomas? What are 3 signs?
fungi AND bacteria --> sporadic, not common 1. upper respiratory noise (inspiratory) 2. mucopurulent discharge 3. epistaxis
26
Mycotic nasal granuloma:
AKA mycetoma
27
How are mycotic nasal granulomas diagnosed? Treated?
endoscopy + biopsy of lesions and culture *long-term sodium iodine* - difficult to treat otherwise, surgical resection, salvage (long-term prognosis is poor)
28
What cattle are most commonly affected by allergic rhinitis? What causes it? What are the 3 most common signs?
adult cattle (>2 y/o) + sheep plant pollen or fungal spores 1. bilateral serous nasal discharge 2. stertorous breathing 3. intense pruritis
29
What 2 treatments are used for allergic rhinitis?
1. antihistamines 2. corticosteroids - parenteral or topical *NOT PRACTICAL for commercial stock*
30
What is the most common cause of nasal foreign bodies?
- allergic rhinitis causing scratching nose on objects - aggressive eating habits
31
What are the 4 most common signs of nasal foreignbodies? What treatment is recommended?
1. unilateral nasal discharge +/- blood 2. decreased airflow 3. licking 4. visualization of FB remove +/- antibiotics, corticosteroids
32
What are the 2 most common causes of sinusitis?
1. FRONTAL - secondary to dehorning 2. MAXILLARY - extension from tooth root infection
33
What are the 3 most common signs of sinusitis?
1. anorexia, lethargy 2. unilateral nasal discharge 3. facial swelling, exophthalmos
34
How can dehorning cause sinusitis?
- opens up frontal sinus - can provide a nidus (bone fragments Staph aureus abscessation common
35
How do you treat nasal granulomas? a. Ketoconazole b. sodium iodine c. Tetracycline
B --> long-term, 2 weeks (can use tetracycline for secondary infections)
36
Hoe is sinusitis treated? What is prognosis like?
- sinusotomy (trephination) and lavage - parenteral antibiotics and NSAIDs good if caught early, guarded to poor for chronic cases
37
What is pharyngeal trauma and abscessation secondary to? What clinical signs are associated with?
iatrogenic injury (balling gun) or rough, stemmy feeds allows opportunistic bacterial infection invasion --> abscessation, cellulitis respiratory and digestive signs
38
How are pharyngeal trauma/abscesses diagnosed? What are 3 options for treatment?
endoscopy or radiography 1. drainage of discrete abscesses preferably into the pharynx 2. antibiotics (broad-spectrum, based on C&S) for cellulitis 3. slaughter - remember antibiotic residues
39
What causes necrotic laryngitis? What cattle are most commonly affected?
F. necrophorum young cattle - 3-18 months --> calf diphtheria
40
What is the pathogenesis of necrotic laryngitis?
- upper respiratory disease causes purulent blockage, difficulty breathing and increased coughing - this causes laryngeal trauma and erosion of mucosa over the vocal processes of the arytenoids - opportunistic infection of eroded mucosa by F. necorphorum
41
What are the most common signs of necrotic laryngitis? What is seen in recovered cases?
acute onset - anorexia, depression, fever - painful cough - severe inspiratory dyspnea - stridor - death misshapen larynx = roaring noise when breathing
42
How is necrotic laryngitis diagnosed? What 3 treatments are recommended?
visualization of lesions on oral exam or endoscopy 1. antibiotics - *PPG* 2. anti-inflammatories 3. tracheostomy with difficulty breathing
43
What is tracheal edema disease? What are some possible etiologies?
edematous thickening of the dorsal membranes of the trachea, most common in feedlot cattle - dust - heat - viral infection - excess fat in thoracic inlet - trauma from feed bunks
44
What is the characteristic sign of tracheal edema syndrome? What treatment is preferred?
inspiratory dyspnea and *honking* due to tracheal stenosis corticosteroids + cool-down

Large Animal Medicine (34 decks)

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