{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "name": "Brainscape", "url": "https://www.brainscape.com/", "logo": "https://www.brainscape.com/pks/images/cms/public-views/shared/Brainscape-logo-c4e172b280b4616f7fda.svg", "sameAs": [ "https://www.facebook.com/Brainscape", "https://x.com/brainscape", "https://www.linkedin.com/company/brainscape", "https://www.instagram.com/brainscape/", "https://www.tiktok.com/@brainscapeu", "https://www.pinterest.com/brainscape/", "https://www.youtube.com/@BrainscapeNY" ], "contactPoint": { "@type": "ContactPoint", "telephone": "(929) 334-4005", "contactType": "customer service", "availableLanguage": ["English"] }, "founder": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Andrew Cohen" }, "description": "Brainscape’s spaced repetition system is proven to DOUBLE learning results! Find, make, and study flashcards online or in our mobile app. Serious learners only.", "address": { "@type": "PostalAddress", "streetAddress": "159 W 25th St, Ste 517", "addressLocality": "New York", "addressRegion": "NY", "postalCode": "10001", "addressCountry": "USA" } }

Food Animal Clinical Chemistry Flashcards

(34 cards)

1
Q

What enzyme is best evaluated to determine the presence of liver disease in the ruminant?

A

GGT +/- SDH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does age play a factor in liver enzyme counts?

A

neonates tend to have high GGT, but this is related to colostral intake NOT liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 most common tubes used for bloodwork in food animals?

A
  1. purple top (EDTA) - plasma for CBC
  2. red top - serum for chemistries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does time, hemolysis, and leakage from RBCs affect bloodwork results?

A

if left out for longer than an hour, blood glucose decreases due to RBC glycolysis

increases AST and LDH

elevates potassium if serum/plasma is not separated within 1 hour of collection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of hyponatremia and hypernatremia?

A

HYPONATREMIA - excessive water intake or retention, excessive loss from diarrhea

HYPERNATREMIA - lack of water, water loss/dehydration/salt poisoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the normal range of sodium in ruminant bloodwork?

A

130-155 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of hypokalemia nad hyperkalemia?

A

HYPOKALEMIA - diarrhea, third space problems (displaced abomasum = alkalosis)

HYPERKALEMIA - renal crisus, acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the normal range of potassium in ruminant bloodwork?

A

3.5-6 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do forestomach problems alter ruminant bloodwork?

A

decreases potassium and chloride

(think HCl and alkalosis!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of hypochloremia and hyperchloremia?

A

HYPOCHLOREMIA - 3rd space sequestration (displaced abomasum), diarrhea

HYPERCHLOREMIA - lack of water, water loss/dehydration (salt poisoning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the normal range for chloride in ruminant bloodwork?

A

97-111 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the preferred method of administration of fluids in ruminants? What 2 major electrolytes are given?

A

oral (IV typically saved for emergencies or abomasal disease)

  1. NaCl - 150 g
  2. KCl - 50 g

“As long as the kidneys are working, the dumbest kidney is smarter than the smartest clinician”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the main causes of hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia?

A

HYPOCALCEMIA - milk fever (parturient paresis) common immediately after calving

HYPERCALCEMIA - previous treatment with calcium, excessive vitamin D supplementation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the normal range of calcium in ruminants?

A

9-12.5 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the main causes of hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia?

A

HYPO - parturient paresis, chronic renal disease

HYPER - acute renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the normal range of phosphorus in ruminants?

17
Q

What are the main causes of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia?

A

HYPO - nutritional due to rapidly growing green grass that is low in magnesium

HYPER - excessive treatment with Epsom` salts or IV magnesium

18
Q

What is the normal range of magnesium in ruminans?

19
Q

Rank the following electrolytes from highest to lowest ranges in the ruminant:

Cl, P, Mg, K, Na, Ca

A
  • Na - 130-155
  • Cl - 97-11
  • Ca - 9-12.5
  • P - 5-6.5
  • K - 3.5-6
  • Mg - 1.8-3
20
Q

What causes an elevation in SDH? How does it compare to other liver enzymes?

A

hepatocellular damage and enzyme leakage

  • short half-life, so an elevation indicated active and on-going liver disease
  • labs do not commonly run panels with SDH on it
21
Q

What causes CK elevation? What are the 2 most common examples?

A

muscle disease —> short half-life, commonly returns to normal within 12 hours

  1. downer cows - smaller cows will have lower elevations
  2. skeletal white muscle disease - ongoing will cause CK elevation to be chronic
22
Q

What 3 liver enzymes are not as helpful clinically for ruminants? What causes their elevations?

A
  1. AST - liver and muscle disease, longer half-life
  2. ALP - liver and bone disease
  3. LDH - liver and muscle disease
23
Q

What causes elevations in GGT?

A

hepatobiliary disorders and cholestasis (long half-life)

  • high levels normal in neonates
24
Q

What are the main causes of hypoglycemia in neonates and adult cattle?

A

NEONATES - bacterial septicemia (E. coli), lack of nutrition

ADULT - lack of intake, ketosis, pregnancy toxemia

25
What are the main causes of hyperglycemia in ruminants?
- stress - sickness
26
What is the normal range of glucose in ruminants?
40-80 mg/dL
27
What are the main causes of increased and decreased creatinine in ruminants?
INCREASED - pre-renal (dehydration, decreased perfusion), renal (renal damage), or post-renal (urolithiasis) disease ---> better indicator of renal failure in ruminants compared to BUN DECREASED - muscle wasting, starvation
28
What is the normal range of creatinine in ruminants?
0.7-1.3 mg/dL
29
What are normal causes in increased and decreased BUN?
INCREASED - pre-renal, renal, post-renal disease DECREASED - liver failure, normally low in neonates
30
What are the normal ranges for BUN in bovines, ovines, and caprines?
8-23 14-37 19-31 (larger range = less useful compared to creatinine)
31
What bloodwork parameter is indicative of metabolic disturbances?
bicarbonate concentrations - low bicarb, low pH = metabolic acidosis (calf diarrhea) - high bicarb, high pH = metabolic alkalosis (displaced abomasum)
32
What is the normal range of bicarbonate on ruminant bloodwork?
21-32 mEq/L
33
A Jersey cow is down in milk and has a normal physical exam. Interpret the following bloodwork results.
- liver disease due to increased GGT and BILIs (AST can be increased due to muscle OR liver) - calcium not incredibly low, likely due to being off feed - increased TP and globulins indicative of inflammation
34
What is the only approved extra-label usage of ceftiofur in cattle? a. extralabel indications b. increased dosing amount c. increased dosing frequency d. altered route of administration
A