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Large Animal Medicine > Camelid Basics > Flashcards

Camelid Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average lifespan of Dromedary camels? How does the gestation period differ in Dromedaries and Bactrians?

A

40-50 years in captivity, 30-40 years in the wild

  • DROMEDARY = 315 days
  • BACTRIAN = 385 days
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2
Q

What is the purpose of camel humps? What are their RBCs like?

A

stores fat to breakdown and produce water/energy when needed

oval shaped

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3
Q

Do camels sweat?

A

rarely - exhaled water vapor is trapped in their nostrils and is reabsorbed into the body as a means to conserve water –> only sweat once their internal temp reaches 42 C

  • can survive without water for a long time!
  • stores extra water directly in the blood stream
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4
Q

What are the 2 types of camel?

A
  1. Dromedary - one hump, arid Middle East and Sahara (Africa)
  2. Bactrian - two humps, central and east Asian rocky deserts
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5
Q

How long can camels face dehydration without serious consequences?

A

can lose up to 40% BW in water

  • can tolerate brackish water
  • typically drink up to 100 L at once
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6
Q

How are camels’ eyes protected from sand? Their nose?

A

double row of long eyelashes + tear glands

can close their nostrils by contracting the muscles surrounding them

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7
Q

What is the normal heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature of camels?

A

60-100 bpm

10-30 bpm

37.6-39 C (99.7-102 F)

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8
Q

What are the 4 major parts of the camel diet in the desert? What is typically fed in adverse conditions?

A
  1. grass
  2. grains
  3. wheat
  4. oat

dried leaves, seeds, thorny twigs

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9
Q

How are camels typically mechanically restrained? Chemically?

A

tie ropes around stifle and elbow (knees) to limit movement

Xylazine - 0.27-0.51 mg/kg

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10
Q

What is the normal feeding behavior of camels? How long do they feed each day?

A

browse hard and thorny plants using strong canine teeth to crush the wood

  • grazes for 8 hours a day
  • chews cud for 6-8 hours
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11
Q

What happens to camels in dry season when feed becomes scarce?

A

lives off fat stored in the hump –> loses weight as fat is used (~200 kg)

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12
Q

How do camels avoid toxic plants?

A

use odor and taste –> attracted to sweet flavors and repelled by bitter flavors

  • if moves to a new area with different plants, they may eat poisonous ones
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13
Q

How does the digestive system of camels compare to cattle and sheep?

A
  • camel has 3 chambers, lacking an omasum
  • PSEUDO-RUMINANT - eats large amounts of roughage, but does not have 4 compartments to their stomach
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14
Q

Camelid anatomy:

A
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15
Q

What are 2 sexual dimorphisms seen in camels?

A
  1. male tends to be larger and heavier while the female is leander
  2. male has a soft palate which hangs out the side of the mouth when it is inflated, producing a deep pink sack that is used to attract females during the breeding season
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16
Q

What kind of ovulators are camels? How often do females come into heat? What are males like in the breeding season?

A

induced - only stimulated to ovulate during mating process

every 20-25 days

increasingly aggressive - better to approach in the presence of their owner

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17
Q

When do camels reach sexual maturity? Reproductive maturity? Peak reproduction?

A

FEMALES - 3 years, 4-20 years, 6-20 years

MALES = 3 years, 6-7 years, determined by his opportunity and length dominating over a harem

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18
Q

How often should bedding be changed for domestic camels?

A

monthly

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19
Q

How are young and adult camels examined?

A

YOUNG = examined while standing

ADULT = require some restraint, either while standing or in sternal recumbency

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20
Q

What intestinal parasite are camels especially susceptible to? How are the treated?

A

whipworms - not covered by common Ivermectin products

  • Ivermectin AND Panacur
  • deworm every 2 months in high-risk locale
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21
Q

What vaccination is required annually for camels?

A

Clostridium CD/T

  • require a booster one month after the initial shot
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22
Q

In what 3 ways does branding harm camels? Why is this typically performed?

A
  1. causes immense stress and can make underlying disease worse
  2. utilizes the body’s resources to heal the burn
  3. upsets human-animal bond
    + predisposes to tetanus!

thought to improve health + identification

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23
Q

What causes saddle sores? Why is quick treatment necessary?

A

saddle rub due to poorly fitting saddles that are improperly balanced

can ulcerate and become infested with maggots or develop bacterial infection

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24
Q

When is ringworm more prevalent in camels?

A
  • cold and rainy seasons (Fall-Winter)
  • young
  • females > males

ZOONOTIC

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25
Q

What are the most common causes of ringworm in young and adult camels?

A
  • Trichophyton verrucosum, Microsporum gypseum
  • Trichophyton mentagrophytes
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26
Q

What are the most common clinical signs associated with ringworm in camels?

A
  • dry, hairless, circular patches with scaly white encrustation
  • lesion begins small (1-2 cm) and grows or merges
  • non-pruritic
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27
Q

What are 3 common treatments for ringworm in cattle?

A
  1. soap and water wash to remove crusts
  2. 50/50 tinture idone/glycerine SID until patches disappear
  3. topical antimycotic (Nystatin)

spontaneous recovery common!

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28
Q

What causes mange in camel? How?

A

MITE - Sarcoptes scabiei var cameli

mite burrows through the skin and causes irritation = pruritic

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29
Q

How do camels with mange appear? How is it spread?

A

affected areas appear red and hair is rubbed off due to pruritus

directly animal to animal or through fomites (saddles, harnesses, etc.)

30
Q

Mange:

A
  • alopecia
  • wrinkled skin
31
Q

How is mange diagnosed in camels? What 3 treatments are recommended?

A

skin scrape in 10% KOH

  1. Diazinon spray
  2. Hexachlorocyclohexane spray
  3. SQ injection of Ivermectin
    (difficult to eradicate)
32
Q

What is the most common cause of warts in camels? How do they compare to camel pox and contagious ecthyma lesions?

A

Papillomavirus –> small, cauliflower-like, most common in young camels

  • typically not covered by surface crusts
  • no edema associated
  • no regional LN enlargement
33
Q

When are tick infestations especially dangerous? What species can cause significant mechanical damage?

A

can cause severe anemia and death in younger camels

Amblyomma - udder, teat

34
Q

What are the 4 most common causes of casious lymphadenitis in camels? What is it commonly secondary to? Where in the body is most commonly affected?

A
  1. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
  2. Streptococcus
  3. Staphylococcus
  4. Trueperella pyogenes

cutaneous or oral wound infection

LNs behind the jaw, at the base of the neck, and around the rump

35
Q

Caseous lymphadenitis:

A
36
Q

What are common signs of nasal bot infections? What species can cause this?

A
  • nasal d/c
  • restlessness
  • loss of appetite, anorexia
  • dyspnea
  • sneezing, snoring

Cephalopsis titillator

37
Q

What are 5 possible treatments used for nasal bots in camels?

A
  1. Ivermectin
  2. Albendazole
  3. Rafoxanide
  4. nostril irrigation with Trichlorophen
  5. SQ injection of Nitroxynil
38
Q

What is Hydatid disease?

A

development of slow-growing cysts of Echinococcus (larval cestode) forming most commonly in the lungs, liver, and spleen –> dog is DH

  • typically with no clinical signs
  • organs must be destroyed
39
Q

When does uterine prolapse most commonly occur in camels? What does it predispose the camel to? What happens if it is not replaced rapidly?

A

immediately after or several hours after giving birth, when the cervix is still open and uterus lacks tone

retained placenta + dystocia

prolapsed uterus will become congested and edematous and eventually hemorrhage, necrose, and cause sepsis

40
Q

In what camels is indigestion most common? What causes it?

A

working and racing camels

overfeeding concentrates (grain, wheat, flour, dates)) –> rumen acidosis

41
Q

What clinical signs are associated with indigestion in camels?

A
  • vomiting
  • foul acidic smell from mouth
  • stops chewing cud
  • stiff, unwilling to move
  • auscultation on left side behind rib cage indicates stasis (<3-4 sounds/min)
42
Q

What are 3 parts of treating indigestion in camels?

A
  1. Buscopan - pain
  2. sodium bicarbonate drench
  3. Bykodigest, Ruminodigest - anti-indigestion
43
Q

What are 3 parts of treating severe cases of indigestion in camels?

A
  1. IV sodium bicarbonate
  2. IV saline
  3. transfusion of stomach fluid from other healthy camel (typically one just slaughtered) using a stomach tube and pump
44
Q

What is the only species-specific camel disease included in the OIE’s list of notifiable diseases?

A

camel pox - highly contagious skin disease in Old World camels (Dromedary, Bactrian)

  • most common in Australia
  • different from the parapoxvirus genus that causes contagious ecthyma
45
Q

What makes eradication of camel pox difficult?

A

high environmental stability - remain infectious over several months, especially in crusts, serum, blood, and other excretions

46
Q

How is camel pox spread? What are the 2 main risk factors?

A
  • direct contact or inhalations from sick animals, particularly at watering or grazing places
  • contaminated environment
  • shedding of pox scabs contaminates water or pasture (source of infection!)

group watering and introduction of new animals to a susceptible herd

47
Q

What are 3 characteristics of camel pox? How long is the incubation period?

A
  1. fever
  2. enlarged LNs
  3. skin lesions - depend on age of camel and the strain of virus (rash/macules –> papules, vesicles, scabs, crusts –> recovery scars)

1-2 weeks (may be 3 days)

48
Q

What are 3 forms of camel pox?

A
  1. mild localized form without fever
  2. severe generalized form with high fever, LN enlargement, and lesions on internal organs
  3. sporadic cases in adults in a pattern of persistent infection

(depends on age of camel, season, and strain)

49
Q

Camel pox lesions:

A

mild = small nodules

50
Q

Camel pox:

A
51
Q

What causes camel contagious echythema? What is characteristic? When is morbidity highest?

A

Parapoxcirus (PPV)

proliferative, crusty/scabby epidermal lesion around the mouth, lips, buccal cavity + swelling of head (calves showed lacrimation)

calves <1 y/o

52
Q

What treatments are recommended for camel pox?

A
  • Cidofovir - inhibits viral DNA polymerase, prevents death in infected camels
  • Oxytetracycline - secondary infection
  • antipyretics
  • antihistamines
  • multivitamins
53
Q

How is camel pox infection avoided?

A
  • SANITATION - manage drinking water, avoid skin abrasions
  • ISOLATE diseased animals
  • QUARANTINE + restrict camel movements
  • VACCINATE herd - live attenuated (long-term protection) or inactivated + booster recommended for young (8-12 months), yearly with inactivated vaccine
54
Q

What causes trypanosomiasis in camels? What signs are associated?

A

Trypanosoma evansi - lives in the blood between red cells of infected camels and can reach the LNs, heart muscles, and CSF

  • wasting, emaciation
  • intermittent fever
  • anemia
  • edema
55
Q

What animals act as carriers of Trypanosomiasis? What are 6 ways of transmission?

A

sheep and goats

  1. biting flies
  2. contaminated syringes with infected blood
  3. blood-sucking bats (vampire bats in South America)
  4. infected ticks
  5. nasal and conjunctival mucous membranes
  6. eating infected camel meat (dogs)
    (not known to be transmitted to humans)
56
Q

How does Trypanosomiasis cause anemia, edema, and emaciation?

A

exotoxins destroy RBCs, leading to hemolytic anemia and prevention of RBC production = decreased Hg, PCV, RBC

multiply in cardiac muscles, leading to cardiac insufficiency and CHF (main cause of death)

consume blood glucose and myoglycogen, leading to muscle atrophy

57
Q

What are the 2 forms of Trypanosomiasis?

A

ACUTE - less common, intermittent fever of 2-4 days followed by a febrile period of 6-7 days, edema of distal extremities, enlarged LNs, lacrimation, constipation (total 3-4 months)

CHRONIC - 3 years sickness, anemia, jaundice, general edema of the base of the neck, brisket, abdomen, and legs, emaciation

58
Q

What are some additional signs of Trypanosomiasis?

A
  • enlarged external LNs
  • corneal opacity, blindness, paralysis = advanced
  • chronic moist cough due to pulmonary edema
  • abortion
  • severe reduction of milk
  • atrophied testes and decreased libido in males
  • recumbency
  • diarrhea
59
Q

What are 3 post-mortem findings associated with Trypanosomiasis?

A
  1. emaciated carcass
  2. enlarged LNs and spleen
  3. serous exudates and gelatinous material in the abdominal cavity and SQ (anasarca)
60
Q

What are 2 traditional tests used for diagnosing Trypanosomiasis?

A
  1. sand ball test - collect a handful of the soil that the camel has urinated on, shape it into a ball, let it dry for 15 mins and break it open –> will smell like sweat
  2. tail hair test - pull on the hair from the camel’s tail –> comes out easily with some tissue sticking to it
61
Q

What are 2 common blood examination strategies used to diagnose Trypanosomiasis?

A
  1. wet blood films - place one drop of blood on a clean slide and cover it to allow microscopic examination–> can see trypanosomes
  2. thick blood films - place a drop of blood and spread it over an area using the corner of another slide dry the slide, immerse in distilled water (de-hemoglobinized), examine microscopically (100 oil immersion) –> trypanosomes may be damaged
62
Q

How can the sensitivity of a wet blood film be increased when diagnosing Trypanosomiasis?

A

lyse RBCs before examination using hemolytic agents, like SDS

63
Q

What are some other options for diagnosing Trypanosomiasis?

A
  • thing blood smears
  • microhematocrit centrifugation (Woo method)
  • dark phase buffy coat technique
64
Q

What are some serochemical and serological tests used for diagnosing trypanosomiasis?

A

formal gel test, mercuric chloride test, thymol turbidity test

CFT, ELISA, FAT, CATT

65
Q

What is the most reliable method for diagnosing trypanosomiasis of camels in a febrile period?

A

scant trypanosomes in blood —> animal inoculation

  • inoculate blood, lymphatic fluid, and CSF into guinea pigs –> if positive, trypanosomes will be seen in the blood within 2-11 days
66
Q

What are the 4 major differentials for camel trypanosomiasis?

A
  1. dipetalonemiasis - edema, enlarged LNs
  2. wasting disease - like tuberculosis and caseaous lymphadenitis
  3. heavy tick infestation - anemia, edema, young camels
  4. gravitational edema
67
Q

How can trypanosomiasis be controlled in camels?

A
  • prophylactic treatment to herds
  • control flies and ticks - repellant pour-on (lasts 2 months)
  • keep rearing and grazing areas free from adult flies
68
Q

When are curative drugs used to treat trypanosomiasis? What are 6 possible drugs used?

A

cure individual infected, does NOT protect the whole herd

  1. Cymelarsan
  2. Lonidine
  3. Trypacide
  4. Berinil
  5. Trypamidium, Samorin
  6. Novidium, Ethidium
69
Q

When are prophylactic drugs used to treat trypanosomiasis? What are. 3 options?

A

when risk is so high at the herd level –> cure and protect camels against T. evansi for 2-4 months

  1. Naganol (Surami)
  2. Trypacide
  3. Trypamidium, Samorin
70
Q

What 4 supportive treatments are recommended for trypanosomiasis?

A
  1. cardiorespiratory stimulants
  2. hematenic
  3. glucose IV
  4. diuretic

Large Animal Medicine (34 decks)

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