Brain Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 4 main regions of the brain
A
cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres
diencephalon
cerebellum
brain stem
2
Q
what are the functions of the cerebrum
A
thinking, consciousness, sensory perception, motor movement
3
Q
what are the functions of the diencephalon
A
hormonal control, control of smooth muscle, temperature regulation, etc.
these are all the thalami
4
Q
what are the functions of the cerebellum
A
balance and equilibrium
5
Q
what are the functions of the brain stem
A
control vital centers (breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, etc.)
6
Q
what are meninges
A
layer of tissue covering the brain and spinal cord
7
Q
what are the layers of the meninges
A
Dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater
8
Q
what is dura mater made of
A
fibrous connective tissue
9
Q
what is the falx cerebri
A
dura mater extending into the longitudinal fissure of the brain and attaches to the skull at the ethmoid bone
10
Q
what is the subdural space
A
the space under the dura mater
11
Q
what is a subdural hematoma
A
a hematoma between the dura and the arachnoid
12
Q
what is an epidural hematoma
A
a hematoma between the dura and the cranium
13
Q
what is the arachnoid meningeal layer made of
A
thin collagen and elastic fibers
14
Q
what are arachnoid villi
A
places where arachnoid protrudes through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus
15
Q
what is the subarachnoid space
A
the space between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater
16
Q
what is inside the subarachnoid space
A
cerebrospinal fluid - csf
17
Q
what is the pia mater made of
A
fine collagen and elastic fibers that extend into the sulci of the brain
18
Q
what is cerebrospinal fluid
A
fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord
19
Q
what is cerebrospinal fluid made of
A
99% water
70% glucose
ions - Mg2+, Na+, Cl-
less protein than blood
20
Q
what is the purpose of csf
A
to maintain a proper environment for the brain, regulate intracranial pressure, and has nutrition and excretory functions
21
Q
where is csf made
A
in the ventricles of the brain
22
Q
what two ventricles is the choroid plexus made of
A
the lateral ventricles
23
Q
what is the choroid plexus
A
the lining of the lateral ventricles
24
Q
what is the function of the choroid plexus
A
to secrete and recycle csf
25
what are ependymal cells
cells that line the spaces between the brain and spinal cord
26
why are ependymal cells important in regards to the flow of csf
the ependymal cells help move the csf aroumd the brain and spinal cord
27
what is the blood brain barrier
a barrier made of astrocytes that ensures the environment of the brain is controlled
28
what is a brain ventricle
cavities in the brain that secrete and recycle csf
they also protect the brain by maintaining buoyancy
29
how many ventricles are there total and name them
lateral ventricles (L/R) - 2
third ventricle - 1
fourth ventricle - 1
there are 4 ventricles total
30
what is the cerebral aqueduct
the narrow connection between the 3rd nd 4th ventricle
the canal that leads to the 4th ventricle
31
what ventricles are connected by the cerebral aqueduct
the third and fourth ventricles
32
what is another name for the cerebral aqueduct
mesencephalic aqueduct
33
what is the superior sagittal sinus
a large vein that is located in the longitudinal fissure of the brain between the layers of dura mater
34
what is the flow of csf in order
lateral ventricles
interventricular foramen
third ventricle
mesencephalic (cerebral) aqueduct
fourth ventricle
subarachnoid space OR central canal
arachnoid villi
superior sagittal sinus
35
what is the term for is more csf is produced than absorbed in the superior sagittal sinus
hydrocephalus
36
what is the danger of hydrocephalus
the csf isn't absorbed properly so it causes pressure and bulging on the brain, causing brain damage
37
what is located in grey matter
unmyelinated axons, neuron cell bodies
38
what is located in white matter
myelinated axons, axons of neural cell bodies
39
what is the cerebral cortex
the grey matter on the periphery of the cerebral hemispheres
40
what are the 3 major types of tracts/fibers in the brain
commissural tracts
association tracts
projection tracts
41
what is a commissural tract
a tract that foes from right to left and left to right
a tract that connects the left and right brains
42
what is an association tract
a tract that connects one part of the cortex from another part of the cortex on the same side
43
what is a projection tract
a tract that runs from the cortex to the lower brain organs
lower brain organs meaning the diencephalon and the brain stem
44
what do commissural tracts connect
both right and left hemispheres
45
what do association tracts connect
the gyri and lobes in the same hemisphere
46
what do projection tracts connect
the cortex with the spinal cord and muscles
47
are tracts white or grey matter
white matter
48
what is a gyrus
the folded structures on the brain that allows more cortex for integrative nerve function
49
what is a sulcus
the indentations in between the gyri in the cerebrum
50
what is the longitudinal fissure
the large crevice between the right and left cerebral hemispheres
51
what large vein is located in the longitudinal fissure
superior sagittal sinus
52
what is the purpose of the superior sagittal sinus
to carry blood to the brain
53
what is the central sulcus
the groove between the frontal and parietal lobes
54
what are the lobes of the brain
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital,
55
in what lobe is the precentral gyrus located in
the frontal lobe
56
in what lobe is the postcentral gyrus located in
the parietal lobes
57
what is the cerebral cortex
the outer portion of the cerebrum
58
what type of matter does the cerebral cortex consist of
grey matter
59
which gyrus is responsible for primary motor control
precentral gyrus
60
what specifically is controlled by the primary motor cortex
the descending motor responses
61
what is a pyramidal cell
a neuron with a triangular shape
62
what is meant by the direct motor system aka the pyramidal motor system
the system of both voluntary motor and somatic motor systems
63
what happens in the precentral gyrus
voluntary motor movement begins here
64
much of the frontal love contains the premotor cortex for ____________ skills
learned motor skills
65
what is broca's are responsible for
motor speech
allows for articulation of words
66
which gyrus is responsible for somatosensory control/sensory control
postcentral gyrus
67
in which lobe is the postcentral gyrus
parietal lobes
68
what specifically is controlled by the postcentral gyrus
ascending sensory intake
69
sensory input on the right side of the body will travel to the ____________ postcentral gyrus
left post central gyrus
70
sensory input on the left side of the body will travel to the _________ postcentral gyrus
right
71
what is wernicke's area
area in parietal love responsible for general interpretation of what is seen and heard
72
what will happen if there is damage to the wenicke area
there will be a difficulty in interpreting sounds, words, and more
73
what will happen if there is damage to broca's area
a patient will have difficulty speaking. they will know what words they want to say but the words will not come out
74
what are basal nuclei
grey matter areas of the brain located deep in the brain
75
what is the function of basal nuclei
send/receive signals from the substantia nigra (midbrain) and cerebral cortex
plays a role in automatic movements (moving arms while walking)
modifies movement to make sure it is appropriate for the task
makes the neurotransmitter dopamine
76
what is a disease involving the lack of dopamine to the basal nuclei
parkinson's disease
77
what happens in parkinsons disease
uncontrolled movements
78
what is the substantia nigra
the midbrain aka mesencephalin
79
what does the "right brain" control
left hand control
music/art skills
spatial relationships
insight
80
what does the "left brain" control
right hand control
speech
numerical and reasoning skills
81
what is the functino of the diencephalon
homeostasis center deep in the cerebrum
82
what are the major sections of the diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
83
what is the thalamus and what are its functions
two oval masses of grey matter
functions in sensory relay (crude sense interpreted), role in memory and emotions in the limbic system, role in motor function
84
what is the hypothalamus and what are its functions
the homeostasis center - the group below the thalamus
functions in temperature control, satiety (how full you are), smell (mammillary bodies), hormone production (control pituitary gland), control autonomic nervous system, control the limbic system, and circadian rhythm
85
what is the epithalamus and what are its functions
majorly made of the pineal gland
the gland makes melatonin to aid in the sleep/wake pattern
86
what is the brain stem and what are its structures
portion connecting the diencephalon, cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum to the spinal cord
includes the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata
87
what is the function of the brain stem
aid in vital functions of the body including the breathing center, cardiac center, and more
88
what are the vital centers of the medulla oblongata
respiratory
cardiac
vasomotor
89
what are the nonvital centers of the medulla oblongata
sneezing
coughing
vomiting
90
what are cerebellar peduncles
white matter where information gets to the cerebellum
91
what type of impulses are carried by tracts that travel thru the pyramids of the medulla oblongata
sensory impulses
92
are the pyramids locared on the ventral or dorsal side of the medulla oblongata
ventral side of the medulla
93
what cranial nerves innervate the medulla
CN VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
94
why might damage to the medulla oblongata be a fatal brain injury
the medulla carries vital centers to include cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor (blood vessel diameter) so if there is damage, the person may not be able to breathe or their heart might stop
95
what is the responsibility of the pons
the respiratory center and the bridge for impulses
96
what is the reticular formation
a network of neurons located in all three parts of the brainstem. it filters sensory information going to the cerebrum and some descending motor impulses
97
how does the pons connect to the cerebellum
thru the cerebellar peduncles
98
what cranial nerves innervate the pons
CN V, VI, VII, VIII
99
what are cerebral peduncles
ventral bulges made by the mesencephalon
this is where voluntary motor tracts are located
100
what does the substantia nigra do
makes dopamine
101
what is the corpora quadrigemina
the back/dorsal nclei
102
what is the superior colliculi and what does it do
a subsection of the corpora quadrigemina that is a reflex center for vision
it aids in blinking and tracking with the eyes
103
what is the inferior colliculi and what does it do
subsection of the corpora quadrigemina that is a reflex center for hearing
it aids in auditory reflexes and in you turning your head at loud noises
104
what is the funcitno of red nucleus
subconsious motor information for limb position and background muscle tone along with the cerebellum
red becuase there is a lot of blood supply
105
what is the reticular activating center
center responsible for wakefulness and sleep and some motor functino
106
what is the ventral side of the midbrain/mesencephalon
the tegmentum
107
what are the units of the tegmentum
susbtantia nigra
red nuclei
reticular formations
cerebral peduncles
108
what are cerebral peduncles
descending voluntary motor tracts in the precentral gyrus
109
what happens if there is damage to the reticular activating center
coma because it controls sleep and wakefulness
110
what is the cerebellum and what does it do
portion of the brain that is responsible for balance and equilibrium
functions include muscle coordination and equilibrium
111
what is the arbor vitae
white matter shaped like a tree in the cerebellum
112
what are the connections to the brain stem from the cerebellum
superior cerebellar peduncles
middle cerebellar peduncles
inferior cerebellar peduncles
113
what is proriception
the ability to know where you rbody and body parts are located at all times
114
what role does the cerebellum play in proriception
the cerebellum deals with balance and equilibrium to help you maintain your balance
if you stick your arm out, you know your arm is out, even without looking
the escalator thing
115
loss of coordination by the cerebellum leads to ____________
ataxia
116
what are the units of the limbic system
amygdala (fear/flight or flight)
cingulate gyrus (emotions)
fornix (linking parts of the limbic system together)
hippocampus (memory)
117
what does the reticular activating center do
helps control the level of activity in the brain, is involved in skeletal muscle control, autonomic functions and pain modulation
118
what are the neurotransmitters derived from the reticular activating center
serotonin - sleep
norepinephrine - arousal
119
why is increased intracranial pressure a bad thing
too much pressure can damage the brain and stop the flow of csf and blood
120
what are the two major arteries that bring oxygen to the brain
carotid arteries
vertebral arteries
121
what happens in a stroke
something is blocking the blood flow to the brain causing some parts of the brain to be damaged or die.
long term problems include disability, loss of function and death
122
how many cranial nerves are there
12
123
what is CN I and what does it do
olfactory
sense of smell to the brain
124
what is CN II and what does it do
optic
vision form the retina
peripheral vision on same side and regular vision crosses over
(right eye goes left and left eye goes right while also going to same side)
125
what is CN III and what does it do
oculomotor
moves the eye muscles
126
what is CN IV and what does it do
trochlear
motor fibers to the superior oblique muscle of the eye only
127
what is CN V and what does it do
trigeminal
sensory - face sensation of touch
motor - masseter muscle for chewing
128
what is CN VI and what does it do
abducens
motor fibers to lateral muscles of the eye to look right and left
129
what is CN VII and what does it do
facial nerve
sensory - 2/3 front tongue for taste
motor - lacrimal glands, salivary glands, skeletal facial muscles
130
what is CN VIII and what does it do
vestibulocochlear
sensory from internal ear for balance and hearing
balance - vestibular
hearing - cochlear
131
what is CN IX and what does it do
glossopharyngeal
sensory - taste - posterior 1/3 of tongie
motor - salivary gland and muscles of the pharynx for swallowing and the parotid salivary gland
132
what is CN X and what does it do
Vagus
sensory - taste
motor - swallowing, voice muscles, autonomic fibers to many abdominal organs (heart, lung, liver)
133
what is CN XI and what does it do
accessory
motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
134
what is CN XII and what does it do
hypoglossal
motor to tongue muscles for tongue movement
135
which cranial nerve sends fibers to muclse that cause facial expressions
CN VII - facial
136
which cranial nerve helps with balance
CN VIII - vestibulocochlear
137
which cranial nerve helps with chewing
CN V - trigeminal
138
which cranial nerve casues tears for crying
CN VII - facial
139
which cranial nerve slows down the heart rate
CN X vagus
140
which cranial nerves carry autonomic impulses
III, VII, IX, X
141
are cranial nerves a part of the CNS or PNS
pns
