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Anatomy&Physiology I > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

bone is a very active tissue that is continually ______ itself

A

repairing

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2
Q

what are the functions of the skeletal system

A

support and protect
movement
mineral storage
making of red marrow (makes erythrocytes)
making of yellow marrow (aid in fat storage)

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3
Q

what is the function of red marrow

A

serves in production of all blood cells

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4
Q

what minerals are in bone

A

calcium, magnesium, phosphorus

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5
Q

what is the epiphysis of a long bone

A

the ends of the long bone

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6
Q

what is the diaphysis of a long bone

A

the shaft of the bone

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7
Q

what is the periosteum

A

the thin membrane around bones that protect the bones and aids in tissue regeneration

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8
Q

what is the endosteum

A

the membrane lining the inner surface of the boney wall

it lines the medullary canal and all the internal cavities of the bone

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9
Q

what is the epiphyseal plate

A

a layer of cartilage that is only present during the growth period and vanishes after puberty in long bones

Area of bone where it hasn’t calcified yet

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10
Q

what is the articular cartilage in long bones

A

cartilage that forms a smooth, durable covering at the end of each bone in the joints

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11
Q

what is the medullar cavity

A

the hollow part of the bone that contains bone marrow

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12
Q

what are the functions of bone marrow

A

making of erythrocytes
stores fat

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13
Q

what type of bone is bone marrow made of

A

spongy bone

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14
Q

what is another word for the spongy bone that makes bone marrow

A

cancellous bone

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15
Q

what two parts of the bone are made of hyaline cartilage

A

articular cartilage at the ends of long bones

epiphyseal line - derived from the epiphyseal plate after puberty is over and bone stopped growing

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16
Q

what is the significance of the epiphyseal plate located in the metaphysis of bone

A

it makes osteoblasts for cell growth during puberty

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17
Q

what is the epiphyseal line

A

the line where the epiphyseal plate was during puberty

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18
Q

what is found in the medullary canal

A

the Haversian Canal and yellow bone marrow and erythrocytes

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19
Q

what type of bone is found in the epiphysis

A

spongy bone

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20
Q

what are the two layers of the periosteum

A

the osteogenic layer and the fibrous layer

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21
Q

what is the osteogenic layer of the periosteum

A

the layer of which bone cells use for new growth and bone breakdown

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22
Q

what is the fibrous layer of the periosteum

A

the layer of which there is dense irregular connective tissue for support in all directions

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23
Q

what are perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

A

collagen fibers that hold the periosteum to the bone

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24
Q

what is a ligament and how does it connect to bone

A

ligaments attach bone to bone

it attaches through fibers directly to the periosteum

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25
what is a tendon and how does it connect to bone
a tendon connects muscle to bone it connects to the bone directly through the periosteum
26
what are the components of the matrix of bone
calcified ground substance protein fibers
27
which salts are present in bone
calcium salts
28
which part of the matrix of bone is organic
the collagen fibers collagen is a protein made from amino acids which makes it organic
29
what characteristics does collagen give to bone
it gives strength and very limited flexibility
30
what characteristics does the calcium give bone
calcified calcium provides strength and support/structure
31
what are the "scattered" cells in bone
osteoprogenitors osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts
32
what are osteoprogenitors
cells in the periosteum and endosteum that undergo mitosis these are derived from mesenchymal cells
33
what are osteoblasts
cells that secrete osteoid matrix to calcify cells
34
what are osteocytes
Mature bone cells
35
what are osteoclasts
these are cells that derive from leukocytes to perform as phagocytes to put calcium back into the blood by "eating away" at the calcified cells
36
what are the two main types of bone
compact and spongy bone
37
what are compact bones made of
made of osteons with haverisan systems
38
what is the difference between central (haversian) canal and perforating (volkmann) canal
Haversian canal carries blood vessels and nerves perforating canal connects the Haversian canal to the periosteum and other Haversian canals
39
where is compact bone found
in long bones
40
what are other names for spongy bone
cancellous bone trabecular bone
41
where is spongy bone found in long bones
at the ends of long bones at the epiphyses with compact bone surrounding it
42
where is spongy bone found in flat bones
in between two thin layers of compact bone
43
what are trabecula
cross sections of spongy bone acts like a network of supporting beams to provide strength and support to the bones
44
what is found in the spaces of spongy bone
bone marrow
45
how do the trabeculae in spongy bone get their nourishment
they are immersed in blood and get their nutrients from the blood directly The red marrow it is submersed in
46
what is ossification
the process of making bones
47
what is another name for bone formation
osteogenesis
48
when does ossification occur
during growth, repair and embryonic development
49
what is intramembranous ossification
the process of bone formation from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tirrue
50
what is endochondral ossification
process of making bone from hyaline cartilage
51
many of the long bones and carpal bones begin as ___________
hyaline cartilage
52
many of the cranial bones and facial bones begin as ___________ or ___________ connective tissue
mesenchyme dense fibrous
53
what is intramembranous ossification
process of which fibrous connective tissue/mesenchyme turns into bone
54
what bones arise from intramembranous ossification
the skull, mandible, part of the clavicle
55
what is a fontanel
a soft spot on the skull of a fetus/baby consisting of connective tissue that is necessary to shape/mold the head to fit through the pelvis during childbirth
56
what type of tissue is the fontanel made of
dense fibrous connective tissue
57
what is interstitial growth
chondrocytes in the middle of the bone will divide and push the bones to make it longer MAKE BONE LONGER
58
what is appositional growth
making of new cartilage on top of existing cartilage the chondroblasts secrete matrix and there will be new bone growth along the sides MAKING THE BONE WIDER
59
when cartilage reaches a certain length and width, the cells of the __________ will become periosteum and start to lay down a little bit of bone called ____________________
perichondrium; boney collar
60
what does calcify mean
putting in calcium into the matrix of the bone in the area of the bone adding calcium to make bone hard
61
what is the primary ossification center
where bone first started to be formed at it is in the middle of the diaphysis (shaft of long bone)
62
what are secondary ossification centers and when do they appear
areas of ossification that occurs after primary ossification they are located in the epiphyses of long bones
63
what are the two areas that will stay as hyaline cartilage
the metaphysis and the epiphyseal plate
64
what is the metaphysis
hyaline cartilage that DID NOT form into bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis
65
what is the epuphyseal plate
plates in the metaphysis region that will stay hyaline cartilage that allows for bones to grow in length
66
can you see cartilage on x rays
no
67
where does bone grow in width
in the periosteum
68
what type of growth is bone growth
appositional because you're making the bone wider and longer
69
what functions is calcium needed for
blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve conduction
70
if you do not consume enough calcium in your diet, where will your body get its calcium from
the bones
71
what does the parathyroid hormone do for calcium homeostasis
it is a hormone that stimulates osteoclasts to eat at the bone, thus releasing calcium into the blood
72
what does calcitonin do for calcium homeostasis
inhibits osteoclasts so that the osteoblasts can become more active to put calcium into bones thus decreasing the amount of calcium in the blood
73
what are the steps in bone repair
hematoma forms (big blood clot) fibrocartilage callus forms to connect broken ends cartilage turns into spongy bone remodeling
74
what are the two types of fractures
simple (closed) with no skin break and compound (open) with skin break - bony protrusion through the skin
75
what is a colles fracture
distal radius fracture by falling on an outstretched arm when you fall and try to brace yourself with your arm and fracture your radius in the process
76
what is a greenstick fracture
fracture in children when one side of the bone is fractured and the other side is bent
77
why is a greenstick fracture possible in children and not adults
bones in children are softer and more flexible than adult bones
78
what is osteoporosis
loss of bone mass in the matrix
79
why would older women and men experience a loss of bone mass
due to vitamin d deficiency, high alcohol intake, falling, lack of exercise
80
why would bones become more brittle with increasing age
your body may start to reabsorb calcium and phosphate from bones instead of keeping them in the bones so your bones will get weaker

Anatomy&Physiology I (19 decks)

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