Integumentary system

Question 1

what does the integumentary system include

Answer 1

the skin and its derivatives and accessory structures

Question 2

what are the functions of the integumentary system

Answer 2

regulation of body temperature
protection
sense of touch - nerve endings
excretion
vitamin D synthesis
blood flow regulation

Question 3

what type of the epithelium does the skin contain

Answer 3

keratinizes stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Question 4

what is excreted from the skin

Answer 4

water, heat, ions, oil

Question 5

what is the purpose of vitamin D

Answer 5

aids in the absorption of calcium

Question 6

what are the layers of the skin

Answer 6

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Question 7

what are characteristics of the epidermis

Answer 7

superficial epithelium
avascular
nutrients and oxygen diffuse from the capillaries from the dermal papillae

Question 8

what cells are located in the epidermis and what are their functions

Answer 8

keratinocytes - make keratin
Langerhans cells - macrophages that protects against items
melanocytes - make melanin
Merkel cells - sensing touch

Question 9

what is the stratum basale

Answer 9

the bottom part of the epidermis above the basement membrane that contains the melanocytes and merkel cells

Question 10

cells near the free surface have more ______ than those near the basement membrane

Answer 10

karatin

Question 11

what types of cell junctions are between keratinocytes

Answer 11

desmosomes

Question 12

what do Langerhans cells do

Answer 12

they are macrophages that protect against unwanted substances like bacteria and viruses

Question 13

what is another name for Langerhans Cells

Answer 13

dendritic cells

Question 14

what is the functions of Merkel cells

Answer 14

for sensing touch

Question 15

which body system do merkel cells integrate with

Answer 15

nervous

Question 16

what happens in the stratum basale

Answer 16

mitosis
melanocytes make melanin
merkel cells sense touch

Question 17

what happens in the stratum corneum

Answer 17

it is the top layer of dead skin cells that contain keratin to protect against abrasion

Question 18

what is the stratum spinosum

Answer 18

above the stratum basale
contains pre-keratinized cells
contains Langerhans Cells - macrophages

Question 19

what is the stratum granulosum

Answer 19

the area where cells become flatter and get more keratin

contains the Langerhans Cells

Question 20

how long does it take for cells to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum

Answer 20

15-30 days

Question 21

where is thin skin located

Answer 21

eyelids, lips, genital regions

Question 22

where is thick skin located

Answer 22

palms of the hands and soles of the feet

Question 23

what layer of skin would be “thicker” in thick skin

Answer 23

stratum lucidum

Epidermis

Question 24

how many layers are in the dermis

Answer 24

2 main layers

Question 25

what are the layers in the dermis

Answer 25

papillary layer and the reticular region

Question 26

what is in the papillary region

Answer 26

areolar connective tissue in the top 1/5 and blood vessels in the dermis

Question 27

what are dermal papillae

Answer 27

nipple like extensions of the dermis that contains blood vessels

Question 28

what is the importance of the papillary region having papillae, when connecting the epidermis to the dermis

Answer 28

the papillary region contains blood vessels that gives the nutrients to the epidermis and for the touch receptors to aid in sensing

Question 29

what is another name for the touch receptors that are located in the dermal papillae

Answer 29

tactile corpuscles or Meissner corpuscles

Question 30

what is the reticular region

Answer 30

dense irregular connective tissue in the dermis

Question 31

why would dense irregular tissue be found in the reticular region

Answer 31

it provides more structure and support to the skin

Question 32

what property would the reticular region give to the skin

Answer 32

strength and durability

Question 33

does the reticular region of the dermis contain blood vessels

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

what is the name for deep muscle receptors that are located deep in the dermis

Answer 34

lamellated corpuscles or Pacinian corpuscles

Question 35

is the hypodermis part of the skin

Answer 35

no

Question 36

what is another name for the hypodermis

Answer 36

subcutaneous layer

Question 37

what is the hypodermis made of

Answer 37

adipose tissue

Question 38

what is the purpose of the hypodermis

Answer 38

stores fat and provides insulation

Question 39

what main pigments are involved in skin color

Answer 39

melanin, carotene and hemoglobin

Question 40

what cells make melanin

Answer 40

melanocytes

Question 41

what is the purpose of melanin

Answer 41

to absorb UV rays so the cells don't get harmed

Question 42

how do the number of melanocytes in the skin compare between people of different races (dark and light skin)

Answer 42

the number of melanocytes is the same among beings but the amount of melanin produced determines the skin color more melanin produced from the melanocytes means a darker complexion

Question 43

what is a freckle

Answer 43

a spot with a higher concentration of melanin

Question 44

what is vitiligo

Answer 44

patches of discoloration or depigmentation of the skin areas with no melanin

Question 45

what is albinism and how does one develop it

Answer 45

absence of pigment in the skin and hair (these are typically white) and in the eyes (typically pink) develops from inheritance (genetics)

Question 46

in which layer is the pigment carotene found

Answer 46

the stratum corneum - most top layer

Question 47

what color does carotene give the skin

Answer 47

yellow or orange

Question 48

what vitamin is associated with carotene

Answer 48

vitamin A

Question 49

in regards to hemoglobin, how do oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin compare in color

Answer 49

oxygenated gives off a red color deoxygenated gives off a blue color

Question 50

what is cyanosis

Answer 50

the lack of oxygen in hemoglobin you can see the blue hue in thin epidermal skin

Question 51

what are the skin derivatives

Answer 51

hair, arrector pili muscle, glands, nails

Question 52

what is hair

Answer 52

an epidermal derivative that contains hard keratin

Question 53

what are the components of the hair and what do they do

Answer 53

shaft - part of hair we can see - melanin gives it color root - contains the hair matrix that undergoes mitosis to make the hair strand itself, and the hair root plexus

Question 54

what is the root of the hair

Answer 54

a hair follicle with papilla that is surrounded by the root of the hair

Question 55

what is the purpose of the hair root papilla

Answer 55

it contains the blood vessels and provides nourishment to the hair follicle

Question 56

what is the function of the hair matrix

Answer 56

to undergo mitosis and create hair cells

Question 57

where does hair growth occur

Answer 57

in the hair matrix

Question 58

what is the purpose of the arrector pili muscles

Answer 58

they contract to make the hair shaft stand

Question 59

what type of muscle tissue is involved with the arrector pilis muscle

Answer 59

smooth muscle tissue because it is involuntary

Question 60

what are the types of glands

Answer 60

sebaceous glands sudoriferous glands ceruminous glands

Question 61

what type of tissue makes up glands

Answer 61

epithelial tissue

Question 62

what do sebaceous glands secrete and what type of secretion do they have

Answer 62

sebaceous glands secrete oil and they have holocrine secretion holocrine - whole cell breaks off with substance inside

Question 63

what is the name for the oil that sebaceous glands secrete

Answer 63

sebum - mix of fat, cholesterol and salt

Question 64

where are sebaceous glands located

Answer 64

everywhere in the skin except the soles of feet and palms

Question 65

what do sudoriferous glands secrete and what type of secretion do they have

Answer 65

they secrete water and excretory products and they have apocrine AND merocrine secretion

Question 66

sweat glands play a role in ________ regulation

Answer 66

temperature regulation

Question 67

what is the difference between the products secreted by merocrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands

Answer 67

merocrine is thru exocytosis and apocrine is thru the apical surface

Question 68

what is a ceruminous gland

Answer 68

a modified sweat gland that produces a sticky substance

Question 69

where would you find ceruminous glands

Answer 69

in the ears - ear wax

Question 70

what type of gland is the ceruminous gland

Answer 70

apocrine gland

Question 71

what are nails

Answer 71

keratinized cells packed very tightly (hard keratin)

Question 72

what are the derivatives of nails

Answer 72

nail root with matrix nail plate that is visible - we see this

Question 73

why do nails appear pink

Answer 73

they have thin epithelial tissue

Question 74

name two similarities and two differences between the hair and nails

Answer 74

similarities: both have hard keratin and a root with a matrix differences: hair contains a shaft, nails have thin epithelial tissue

Question 75

name three parts of the skin and derivatives where keratin is found

Answer 75

hair, nails, stratum corneum, cutaneous membrane

Question 76

how do wounds heal in the epidermis

Answer 76

epithelial cells will migrate towards each other until they touch each other (contact inhibition)

Question 77

will a wound that only involves the epidermis bleed why or why not

Answer 77

it will NOT bleed epidermis does not contain blood vessels

Question 78

how would a deep would heal

Answer 78

the same steps as tissue repair inflammation phase, migratory phase, granulation/proliferation stage, maturation/scarring stage

Question 79

what is a keloid

Answer 79

intense scarring where scar tissue is now over the top skin layer and has a mushroom shape

Question 80

from which cell does basal cell carcinoma arise

Answer 80

basement membrane - stratum basale

Question 81

from which cells do squamous cell carcinoma arise

Answer 81

squamous cells

Question 82

from which cells does melanoma arise

Answer 82

melanocytes - worst

Question 83

what is affected in a first degree burn

Answer 83

epidermis only

Question 84

what is affected in a second degree burn

Answer 84

epidermis and part of the dermis

Question 85

what is affected in a third degree burn

Answer 85

epidermis and entire dermis

Question 86

what are signs of a first degree burn

Answer 86

redness, inflammation

Question 87

what are signs of a second degree burn

Answer 87

blistering, redness, inflammation, heat

Question 88

what are signs of a third degree burn

Answer 88

charring of the skin

Question 89

first and second degree burns can be called "partial thickness burns". Why

Answer 89

the burn did not extend past the entire dermis

Question 90

why are third degree burns referred to as "full thickness burns"

Answer 90

they breached the entire dermis and epidermis

Question 91

why is a third degree burn often not painful

Answer 91

the nerves have been burned off so there are no electrical impulses for pain