brain cognition 2 Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
dorsolateral part
A
distal muscles, fine movements
2
Q
ventromedial parts
A
proximal muscles, posture
3
Q
crossed extensor reflex
A
as one limb flexes, the other extends
4
Q
golgi tendon reflex
A
protects the muscle from excessivley heavy loads by causing the muscle to relax and drop the load
5
Q
withdrawal reflex
A
protecting from damage
6
Q
pyramidal system
A
voluntary (conscious) control of skeletal muscles, begins at upper motor neurons of primary motor cortex to other cortical areas
7
Q
corticobulbar tract
A
(face) toward cranial nerve nuclei that move eye jaw face and some muscles of neck and throat (pharynx)
8
Q
corticospinal tract
A
(spine) visible along ventral surface of medulla oblongata as pair of thick bands, the pyramids. control of all non-facial somatic muscles.
9
Q
rubrospinal tract
A
upper motor neurons in red nuclei (cerebellum). control muscle tone and distal limb muscles that perform more precise movements (fingers)
10
Q
tectospinal tract
A
upper motor neurons in superior and inferior colliculi. receive visual (superior) and auditory (inferior) info. reflex like orienting response
11
Q
reflex like orienting response
A
head neck upper limbs move towards visual and auditory stimuli.
12
Q
vestibulospinal tract
A
info from vestibulococlear nerve (inner ear), monitor position and movement of the head to maintain posture and balance.
13
Q
reticulospinal tract
A
reticular formation, input from many pathways. controls many reflexes (excitability). state of arousal (keeping awake)
14
Q
pyramidal weakness
A
pattern of weakness in the extensors (upper limbs) or flexors (lower limbs)
15
Q
babinski sign
A
changed reflexes -> damage cortical spinal tract
16
Q
cerebellum
A
fine tuning of movements, timing of automated movement sequences, motor memory
17
Q
spinocerebellum
A
balance, walking, affected by alcohol use
18
Q
neocerebellum
A
control of fine movements, finger to nose test, speech
19
Q
vestibulocerebellum
A
coordination of eye movements with body movements, VOR (vestibulo-ocular-reflex)
20
Q
cerebellar ataxia
A
damage to cerebellum, lack of muscle coordination, endpoint tremor, slurred speech
21
Q
GP/SN
A
globus pallidum/substantia nigra
22
Q
hemiplegia
A
half sided paralysis due to lesions of upper motor neurons coming from M1
23
Q
apraxia
A
loss of motor skill, not due to muscular upper (M1) or lower motor (spinal cord) neuron deficit
24
Q
ideomotor apraxia
A
rough idea of movement can be executed (SMA, PMC)
25
ideational apraxia
no idea what to do, uses wrong tools (PPC)
26
in M1 neurons...
encode movement direction
27
affordance competition hypothesis
sensory inputs create many potential motor repsonses (affordances) depending on needs and potential payoffs, one of these has to be selected
28
posterior parietal cortex
translating movement from retinal (eye-centered) to hand- head or body centered reference frames
29
the wada test
each hemisphere is temporarily anesthetized using amobarbital (or sodium amytal, etc).
In most people, anesthesia of the left hemisphere results in aphasia, the inability to speak or comprehend language
But some people have right hemisphere dominance for language, others bilateral language capabilities
30
post hoc rationalizations
the left hemisphere is trying to explain the actions performed by the right hemisphere
31
thalamus
key switch board of the brain
32
reitcular nucleus
forms a sheet around the thalamus, can gate all info (high arousal; excited) or block all info (no arousal;coma,deep sleep)
33
reticular formation
in the brain stem regulates the excitability (permeability) of the reticular nucleus surrounding the thalamus.
34
overt attention
attention is directed to the same location as the eyes
35
covert attention
attention is directed to another location than the eyes
36
voluntary (top-down) attention
dorsal frontoparietal network
37
stimulus-driven (bottom-up) attention
ventral frontoparietal network
38
top down network
superior parietal lobe, frontal eye fields, middle frontal gyrus
39
bottom-up network
temporoparietal junction, inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus
40
disengage attention
problems when temporoparietal junction is damaged
41
move attention
problems when superior colliculi are damaged
42
engage attention
problems when pulvinar is damaged
43
neglect
when bottom up network is damaged, disengaging attention becomes impossible
44
ballint's syndrome
severe, dorsa posterior parietal lobe and LOC have bilateral damage
45
simultanagnosia
unable to consciously see more than one object at the same time
46
optic ataxia
trouble with visual guidance reaching for objects
47
oculomotor apraxia
problems in making eye movements to objects
48
attention directed to a face/scene
higher activation/lower activation fusiform face area
49
selective attention
ability to prioritise and attend to some things while ignoring other things
50
attentional control mechanisms
mechanisms that determine where and on what our attention is focused
51
simultanagnosia
difficulty perceiving the visual field as a whole scene such as when the patient saw only the comb or the spoon but not both at the same time
52
ocular apraxia
deficit in making eye movements to scan the visual field resulting gin the inability to guide eye movements voluntarily
53
optic ataxia
problem in making visually guided hand movements
54
overt attention
when you turn your head to orient toward a stimulus
55
covert attention
appear to be reading this book however while actually paying attention to the two students whispering at the table behind you
56
early selection
idea that a stimulus can be selected for further processing, or it can be tossed out as irrelevant before perceptual analysis of the stimulus is complete
57
late selection
hypothesise that all inputs are processed equally by the perceptual system
58
endogenous cuing
the cue predicts the location of the target on most trials
59
thalamic reticular nucleus
portion of the reticular nucleus that surround the LGN. these neurons maintain complex interconnections with neurons in the thalami relays and could modulate info flow from the thalamus to the cortex
60
inhibition of return
participants respond more slowly to stimuli that appear in the vicinity of where the flash had been
61
feature integration theory of attention
idea is here that a spotlight of attention must move sequentially from one item in the array to another
62
superior colliculi
midbrain structures, made up of many layrs of neurons that receive inputs from many sources incl the retina, other sensory systems, the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex
63
pulvinar
group of nuclei with connections to any parts of the brain. t has visually responsive neurons that exhibit selectivity for color, motion or orientation.
64
sensory memory
lifetime measured in miliseconsds not seconds
65
short term memory/working memory
seconds to minutes
66
long term memory
may persist for decades
67
encoding
processing of incoming info that creates memory traces to be stored
68
acquisition
most stimuli produce a very brief transient sensory response that fades quickly without ever reaching short term memory
69
sensory buffer
stimuli are available for processing during acquisition stage
70
consolidation
which changes in the brain stabilise a memory over time resulting in a long term memory
71
storage
result of acquisition and consolidation and represents the permanent record of the information
72
retrieval
involves accessing stored info and using it to create a conscious representation or to execute a learned behaviour
73
anterograde amnesi
when hippocampus or areas that project to hippocampus are damaged -> loss of memory for events that occur after a lesion, results from the inability to learn new things
74
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory for events and knowledge that occurred before a lesion
75
temporally limited
extending back only a few minutes or hours
76
temporal gradient/ribots law
retrograde amnesia tends to be greater for the most recent events
77
declarative mmeory
medial temporal lobe, diencephalon. memory for events and for facts both personal and general that we have conscious access to and that can be verbally reported
78
episodic memory
personal experiences that we recall about our own lives
79
semantic memory
objective knowledge that is factual in nature but does not include the context in which it was learned
80
nondeclarative memory
cannot be verbally reported. no conscious access to
81
procedural memory
basal ganglia, depends on extensive and repeated experience. tasks like riding a bike or swimming
82
priming
neocortex, refers to a change in the response to a stimulus, or in the ability to identify a stimulus, following prior exposure to that stimulus
83
perceptual representation system
structure and form of objects and words can be primed by prior experience, and the effects persist for months.
84
relational memory
episodic memory that leads to recollective experiences
85
hippocampus
essential for rapid consolidation and initial storage of info for episodic and semantic memories
86
hebbian learning
if a synapse is active when a postsynaptic neuron is active, the synapse will be strengthened
87
associative LTP
extension Hebb's law ; if a neuron is simultaneously activated by a pathway with a weak input and another pathway with a strong input, both pathways slow LTP and the weak synapse becomes stronger.
88
cooperatively LTP
more than one input must be active at the same time
89
associativity LTP
weak inputs are potentiated when co-ocuring with stronger inputs
90
specificity LTP
only the stimulated synapse shows potentiation.
91
glutamate
the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the hippocampus
92
narcolepsy
sudden rem sleep onset
93
deep sleep
high amplitude, low frequency EEG
94
reticular activating system
critical for maintaining conscious state
95
brainstem reticular formation
projects to the cortex, either directly or via the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus
96
Brain death
no reaction, no pupil response and reflexes, no EEG
97
coma
no reactions no sleep wake cycle, often life support needed but reflexes work
98
vegetative state
sleep wake cycle, breathing, autonomous reactions, eye movements, orienting sometimes), no reaction or communication
99
locked in syndrome
fully awake and conscious yet unable to respond, except with eye or eyelid movements
100
qualia
the hard problems; the way things look, feel, sound etc. the private intrinsic ineffable and directly apprehensible phenomena of consciousness.
101
the explanatory gap
explaining the function does not explain the experience.
102
dorsal stream
vision for action, uses position and shape information for visually guided action
103
ventral stream
vision for perception. uses shape (and position) information for visual perception, memory
104
split brain
consciousness sits in the left hemisphere, the right hemisphere processes unconsciously
105
neglect/extinction
consciousness sits in the parietal cortex, without PC temporal lobe sees nothing
106
blindsight
consciousness sits in the ventral stream. the v dorsal stream mediates unconscious blindsight
107
ebbinghaus illusion
seeing the same disk as larger or smaller depending on surrounding disks
108
ponzo illusion
seeing same distant disks as larger than nearby disk
109
ltp
long lasting increase in communication between neurons
110
long term depression
long lasting decrease in communication between neurons
111
simple classic conditioning
amygdala, cerebellum
112
somatic markers
when presented with a situation that requires us to make a decision, we may react emotionally to the situation around us. this emotional reaction is manifest in our bodies as somatic markers
113
ALS
affects alpha motor neurons
114
polio
viral infection that selectively attacks alpha motor neurons,
115
Premotor cortex
externally guided, stimulus driven action, works with posterior parietal cortex
116
supplementary motor area
internally guided action works with prefrontal cortex
117
attenuation
depending on the amount of attention deployed early or late selection occurs (lots of attention ; early, little attention ; late)
118
early attention
early attention of some info, no processing of non attended information
119
late selection
late selection of some information, full semantic (meaning) processing of all info, selection occurs afterwards
120
when early and when late selection?
early ; during very difficult task, when you know beforehand what to attend to. late ; during easy task, when you don't know what to attend to
121
perceptual priming
happens in sensory cortex, priming becomes weaker when the priming stimulus resembles the test stimulus less
122
repetition suppression
if exactly the same stimulus is repeated, less neural activation is observed
123
motor adaptation
device distorts direction of motion
124
fight or flight
activating the sympathy nervous system to be ready for action
125
amygdala
making quick decision based on the emotional value of the stimulus, without amygdala no conditioned fear
126
cognition emotion (dangerous situation)
amygdala
127
ready for action emotion
hypothalamus
128
feeling, emotion
cortical processing
129
left hemisphere
involved with cognitive control of emotions, lessons lead to more extreme emotions (loss of control), mostly positive emotions
130
right hemisphere
involved with feeling emotions, lesions lead to indifference (loss of feeling), mostly negative emotions
131
using emotions for making (moral) decisions is done by
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
132
activity in anterior insula correlates with
consciousness of bodily responses (detecting your heartbeat)
133
lemma
meaning and grammatical properties
134
morpheme
the smallest unit of language that has meaning
135
phonemes
the smallest unit of speech that can change meaning (bed, bad)
136
broca's aphasia
limited syntax, very basic short sentence structures, but semantics are correct, language comprehension is largely spared.
137
wernicke's aphasia
speech production is fluent, language that is produced is often lacking meaning (non existing words), semantic paraphasia
138
superior temporal gyrus
region is involved in the auditory processing of phonemes
139
superior temporal sulcus
region is involved specifically in the linguistic processing of phonemes
140
lexical access
activate potential candidates based on input, high frequency words are activated more easily
141
semantic paraphasia
words are mixed up with semantically related words.
142
n400 when
semantically unexpected words "fast people being called slow"
143
p600 when
syntactically incongruous words. "the spoiled child throw the toys on the ground "
144
inferior frontal gyrus/ broca's area
involved in language production, lexical selection, syntactic integration
145
anomia
inability to find words to label things in the world
146
sylvan fissure
fissure located between the temporal and frontal lobe. language processing is localised mainly around this fissure
147
dysarthria
speech problems caused by the loss of control over articulatory muscles
148
agrammatic aphasia
a deficit in syntactic production, when only the most basic grammatical forms are produced and comprehended.
149
conduction aphasia
caused by a lesion to the arcuate fascicles. uses a deficit to repair specs errors even tho they can comprehend them.
150
arcuate fascicle
a white matter tract that flows from wernicke to Broca area)
151
transcortical sensory aphasia
deficit in comprehending speech but not the ability to repeat what was heard.
152
transcortical motor aphasia
similar to Broca's aphasia but maintains the ability to repeat back heard phrases.
153
progressive semantic dementia
initially show impairments in a conceptual (semantic) system, but other mental and language abilities are spared.
154
antagonistic muscle
a muscle which opposes the action of another muscle. done through inhibitory synapse
155
macro planning of lexical concept
goals and subgoals are expressed in an order which best serves the communicative plan
156
micro planning of lexical concept
proposes how the info is expressed. determines word choice and the grammatical roles that the words play.
157
dells spreading activation model
speech is produced by a number of connected nodes representing distinct units of speech (i.e. phonemes, morphemes, syllables, concepts, etc.) that interact with one another in any direction, from the concept level (Semantic level), to the word level (Lexical selection level) and finally to the sound level (Phonological level) of representation
158
levels model of language production
focuses on the production of single words rather than the construction and output of whole sentences. focuses on lexical access aspects of speech production. The system 'self-monitors' itself for errors in order to repair speech before articulation
159
stages of levels model of language production
conceptual preparation, lexical selection, morphological encoding, phonological encoding, phonetic encoding, articulation
160
ventral pathways cortical language circuit model
important for comprehension of the meanings of the word
161
dorsal pathway that connects the premotor cortex is involved in
speech preparation
162
dorsal pathway that connects to Broca's area is involved in
syntactic processing
163
lower level representations
those constructed from sensory input (the world itself)
164
higher level represenation
those constructed from the context preceding the word to be processed
165
mcclelland and rumelhart computational model
one which permits top-down info to influence earlier processes that happen at lower levels of representation. processes can even take place in parallel (several letters can be processed at the same time). nodes in each layer can influence the activation status of the nodes in the other layers by excitatory or inhibitory connections
