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Brain development Flashcards

1
Q

Neuraxis

A

Establishes interior, posterior dimension of the NS

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2
Q

3 stages of embryonic development

A
  1. cleavage
  2. gastrulation
  3. organogenesis
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3
Q

cell at day 4

A

Morula
solid ball of cells formed as the zygote undergoes cleavage

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4
Q

cell at day 6

A

Early blastocyst
hollow ball of cells with fluid filled cavity

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5
Q

cell at day 10

A

late blastocyst
pre embryo
embryonic disk
2 layers of cells that become the embryo proper

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6
Q

cell at day 16

A

embryo with 3 primary germ layers
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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7
Q

name of 3 cells in development

A

zygote
blastula
gastrula

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8
Q

ectoderm of gastrula and examples

A

outer layer

epidermal cells of skin
neuron of brain
pigment cell

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9
Q

mesoderm of gastrula and examples

A

middle layer

notochord
bone tissue
tubules cell of the kidney
red blood cells
facial muscle

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10
Q

endoderm of gastrula and examples

A

stomach cell
thyroid cell
lung cell (alveolar)

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11
Q

germ cells

A

sperm and egg

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12
Q

cleavage

A

Cleavage: rapid, multiple rounds of mitotic cell division where the overall size of the embryo does not increase. The developing embryos is called a blastula following completion of cleavage.

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13
Q

gastrulation

A

Gastrulation: the dramatic rearrangement (movement) of cells in the blastula to create the embryonic tissue layers. These tissue layers will go on to produce the tissues and organs of the adult animal.

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14
Q

organogenesis

A

Organogenesis: the process of organ and issue formation via cell division and differentiation.

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15
Q

how do stem cells decide which layer they belong to

A

stem cells - migrate to one of 3 layers
according to specific transcription factors
form gastrula in organogenesis

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16
Q

neural tube structure

A

center ->
1. archenteron
2. endoderm
3. mesoderm
(NOTOCHORD)
4. ectoderm
(NEURAl FOLD)
(NEURAL PLATE)

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17
Q

what is the neural tube

A

This neural tube serves as the embryonic brain and spinal cord, the central nervous system.

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18
Q

Neural tube formation steps

A

(1) formation of the neural plate;
(2) shaping of the neural plate;
(3) bending of the neural plate to form the neural groove
(4) closure of the neural groove to form the neural tube.

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19
Q

when does neural tube formation happen

A

It starts during the 3rd and 4th week of gestation

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20
Q

formation of neuronal tube explained

A

neural crest cells form in the region that connects the neural tube and epidermis
neural plate formes
edges thicken and move upwards to form neural folds
U shaped neural groove forms
neural folds migrate to middle of embryo
they fuse to form the neural tube beneath the overlying ectoderm

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21
Q

which end of neural tube become brain and spinal cord

A

anterior end = brain
posterior end = SC
after 4th week of development

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22
Q

how do malformations of the neural tube formation and name examples

A

NTDs occur when the neural tube does not close properly. The neural tube forms the early brain and spine.
e.g anencephaly
craniorachischisis
spina bifida
encephalocele
iniencephaly

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23
Q

spina bifida

A

spinal cord defect

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24
Q

anencephaly

A

brain defect
absence of the brain and cranial vault, without skin covering

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25
Trans amniotic stem cell therapy
taking the trans amniotic stem cells and inject them into the utero into the embryo - starts the regeneration of tissue again and let the fusion of the neural tube be complete
26
transcription factors in brain development
BMP FGF Wnt RA
27
explain stages of embryonic development
1. morula = solid ball of cells formed as zygote undergoes cleavage 2. early blastocyte = hollow ball of cells with a fluid filled cavity 3. late blastocyte = pre eymbro = embryonic disk = 2 layers of cells 4. gastrula = embryo with 3 primary germ layers
28
what are the 3 primary germ layers
ectoderm mesoderm endoderm
29
where does the neural tube lie
above notochord and mesoderm and below ectoderm
30
at how many days does the neural tube become brain and SC
at day 25 (4th week) anterior end will double up into brain posterior end = SC
31
how do cells decide where they belong along the neural tube
Gradient of retinoid acid to understand what's more rostral and what's more caudal
32
is the spinal cord rostral for caudal
caudal
33
what is the role of FGF and GDF11
Oppose the action of RA and allow specification of the SC
34
what is inhibited to form the neural tube
BMP ( bone morphogenetic proteins)
35
Explain the formation of the embryonic CNS using transcription factors
- Blastocyst - Ectoderm activated by Ant and FGF inhibits BMP4 using Noggin Chords Follistatin - Neuroectoderm RA (generated by activation of RalDH2) FGF and GDF11 ( oppose the activity of RA allowing specification of SC) - Neural Tube - brain = rostral -SC = caudal - embryonic CNS
36
what transcription factor control rostral activity
RA (Brain)
37
what transcription factors control caudal activity
FGF and GDF11 (SC)
38
What transcription factors posterise the neural axis
Wnt, FGF and RA
39
What is involved in anteriorising cells
Tlc Cerbrus Dickkopf
40
How is neural plate anteriorised
Cerberus and Dickkopf inhibit Wnt and BMP Later TLC inhibits Wnt to anteriorise the neural tube
41
function of TLC
inhibits wnt to anteriorise the neural tube and form telecephalon and diencephalon
42
What are the 3 parts formed from neural plate
forebrain midbrain hindbrain
43
what are the 7 segments of hindbrain called
rhombomeres
44
function of rhombomeres
vital functions breathing and HR cranial nerves originate
45
what do neural crest cells migrate to form
peripheral NS melanocytes chondrocytes smooth muscle
46
what causes cells to migrate to specific areas
HOX genes
47
how do HOX genes influence neural crest migration
The cell will migrate into a certain area according to the amount the HOX genes are expressed, and which genes are expressed.
48
explain the patterns of neural crest cells in the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain
Forebrain = neural crest cells travel as sheets Midbrain = move as streams Hind brain = move in segments
49
neuron pathways in rhombomers
motor or sensory neuron pathways cholinergic or dopaminergic neurons
50
how are rhombomeres organised
HOX gene expression and is highly conserved
51
2 axis
anterior posterior And Ventral dorsal
52
2 axis
anterior posterior and ventral dorsal
53
how is the brainstem divided
into rhombomeres defined anatomicaly by physical segmentation
54
axis associated with rhombomere development
rostral caudal
55
If spine was divided in half what is the dorsal and what is the ventral responsible for
dorsal (somatosensory/afferent system) ventral (efferent system)
56
what is restricted to specific rhobomeres and examples
cranial nerve nuclei cochlea nevre Vegas nerve
57
what gene is Associated with the specification of dorsal ventral axis
Shh
58
how are dorsal side and ventral side formed
dorsal side = BMP transcription secreted by upward ectoderm ventral side = Shh secreted by notochord
59
what causes cells to go to ventral side
Shh secreted by notochord
60
what causes cells to go to Dorsal side
BMP transcription secreted by upward ectoderm
61
what does notochord release
genes required for development of midline structure
62
what is responsible for sensory neurons
BMP and Wnt Diffuse as development takes place on ventral side
63
what transcription factors are most important for ventral dorsal axis
Shh and BMP
64
what is specifically associated to the transcription factor
progenitor domains differentiated by their expressions of transcription factors
65
Give an example of a progenitor domain and the neurotransmitters involved?
P1 migrate to the V1 cell, which express TF En1, and will be an inhibitory neurone secreting GABA.
66
name progenitor domains
p0,p1,p2,pMN,p3
67
name post mitotic neuron types
V0,V1,V2, MN,V3
68
what determines the identity of ventricle spinal neurons
molecular code
69
go from progenitor cells to post mitotic cells
Progenitor domains characterised by their differential expressions fo transcription factors = migrate laterally here and then change name = transmitters p0-p3 -> v0-v3
70
what is most ventral p0-p3
p3
71
what is needed to form connections
long distances growth cones microtubules (stable and dynamic) actin axon guidance
72
name of the cellular process involved in the progression of neural circuit
Axon Guidance
73
explain the repulsive mechanism of axon guidance
negative cues repulsive ligand like cytotoxic act through receptors trigger the collapse of the cytoskeleton so that cells do not grow in the direction
74
explain attractive mechanisms when forming connections
Receptors for positive cues (specific Tfs) to promote polymerisation of the cytoskeleton towards that side of the growth cone.
75
how does a neuron know what direction to form connections
axon guidance attractive and repulsive mechanisms
76
what is ipsilateral growth of axons
On the same side
77
cytoskeleton proteins
stabe mT, dynamic MT and F actin
78
what axons grow longitudinally
Axons expressing Robo Repelled by Slit Grow longitudinally
79
what axons are attracted to the midline
Axons with low ROBO expression = attracted to the midline and cross over
80
what happens when axons cross midline
axons up regulate robot and remain on contralateral side
81
what is a neuromere
where the region in which the axon crosses = might have cross projection = different projections run ipselateral or become contrilateral
82
what is a neuromere
where the region in which the axon crosses = might have cross projection = different projections run ipselateral or become contrilateral
83
what model has ben crucial in uncovering fundamental mechanisms of neural circuit development
drosophila CNS
84
what receptor do peripheral nerves rely on to reach the periphery
neuropilin receptor
85
what ligand to the NRP1 receptor
Sema3A
86
What ligand to the NRP2 receptor?
Sema3F
87
what happens is NRP1 is knocked out
nerve do not reach the periphery
88
neural plasticity
ability of the brain to change structurally and chemically in response to experience
89
4 key elements of a complex variable enriched environment
cognitive sensory motor social
90
How does plasticity change with age
Plasticity decreases
91
2 studies on language pathologies
RH crowding effects Functional redundancy
92
plasticity in neurochemcial systems
cyclin or developmental change in expressed neurotransmitters
93
plasticity of cell assemblies and connection s
change in patterns of brain connectivity in response to endogenous input to input from the environment
94
plasticity in behaviour
change in strategy or approach to problem solving
95
functional redundancy
multiple langage specific neural systems one is lost there are others to mediate language
96
what are the main subtractive events that play a role in development
neural cell death and loss of synapses establish patterns of brain activity that are more stable
97
what plays a role in development and plasticity
genes and enviornmens = providing the input for proper developments

Neuroscience (14 decks)

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