Learning, memory and cognition

Question 1

how can memory be split into categories

Answer 1

short term/long term
long term - explicit/implicit
explicit - episodic / somatic
implicit - procedural, priming, classical conditioning, non associative learning

Question 2

Declarative memory can be split into

Answer 2

episodic and semantic

Question 3

episodic memory

Answer 3

memories of specific events (wedding)

Question 4

semantic memories

Answer 4

knowledge of facts about the world
derived from episodic memory

Question 5

what are non declarative/ implicit memories divided into

Answer 5

procedural
primming
classical conditioning
non associative learning

Question 6

what is procedural memory

Answer 6

how to do things (juggling)

Question 7

what is priming memory

Answer 7

exposure to ones stimulus influences a response to subsequent stimulus

Question 8

what is classical conditioning

Answer 8

pairing of stimulus response associations
(pavlova dog - food and bell)

Question 9

non associative learning

Answer 9

habituation or sensitisation
alter response to stimulus without association if it causes positive or negative outcomes

Question 10

habituation

Answer 10

over time will stop responding to repeated sequence

Question 11

sensitisation

Answer 11

over time a repeated sequence will make you more sensitive to one sequence

Question 12

what part of CNS is associated with explicit memory

Answer 12

medial temporal lobe
diencephalon
association cortices

Question 13

what part of CNS is associated with procedural memory

Answer 13

striatum

Question 14

what part of CNS is associated with priming memory

Answer 14

cortex

Question 15

what part of CNS is associated with classical conditioning memory

Answer 15

amygdala and cerebellum

Question 16

what part of CNS is associated with non associative learning

Answer 16

reflex pathways

Question 17

what part of CNS is associated with non associative learning

Answer 17

reflex pathways

Question 18

where is the hub for declarative memory

Answer 18

the hippocampus

Question 19

where is the hippocampus

Answer 19

medial temporal lobes in primates

Question 20

inputs to the hippocampus

Answer 20

mainly from structure in the parahippocampal gyrus (entorhnal cortex)

Question 21

outputs of the hippocampus

Answer 21

entorhinal cortex
fornix

Question 22

circuitry of the hippocampus - pathways

Answer 22

commissural pathway
Schaffer collateral pathway
mossy fibre pathway
prefroant pathway

Question 23

circuitry of the hippocampus steps

Answer 23

• Excitatory neurons in entrotianal cortex send axons to the dentate gyrus (granual cells)
• Via perferent pathway
• Then send own axons to CA3
• Via mossy fibre pathway
• Excitatory neurons in CA3 then send axons to CA1 of hippocampus
• Schaffer collateral pathway mediates this
• Via structure called fimbria
• CA1 also receive inputs from contralateral CA3 (opposite side of the brain)
• Mediated by pathway = commissural pathway
  Out of hippocampus into cortex

Question 24

fimbria

Answer 24

becomes continuous with crus (elongation) of the fornix - units to form body of fornix

Neurons in CA3 project axons out the hippocampus through fimbria

Question 25

fornix

Answer 25

connects hippocampus to maxillary bodies

Question 26

hippocampal commissure

Answer 26

hippocampal fibres cross between 2 hippocampi

Question 27

function of parahippocampal cortex

Answer 27

the site of convergence of cortical input - information relayed to the hippocampus where associations formed - information output from the hippocampus back to parahippocampal cortex.

Question 28

cortico hippocampal information flow

Answer 28

primary sensory cotices association cortices parahippocampal cortices entorhinal cortex hippocampi formation

Question 29

how do we know that the hippocampus id important in declarative memory

Answer 29

patient HM (Henry molaison) had a bilateral mediat temporal lobectomy to control severe epilepsy (1957) after surgery could remember events form past could participate in short convocations could learn new skills BUT could not form new declarative memories

Question 30

good animal model for hippocampal studies

Answer 30

rats hippocampal structure conserved across mammalian species

Question 31

how do we study memory in rats

Answer 31

- curiosity to explore - food seeking - freeze when afraid - avoidance of dangerous situations natural behaviours in rats

Question 32

what does morris water maze test study

Answer 32

spatial memory test

Question 33

explain the morris water maze test

Answer 33

rodents want to avoid dangerous situation (water) water made opaque so animals can't see submerged platform after 7 days - remembered where platform is placed in pool when platform removed - animal spends a lot more time in area where platform was

Question 34

what do lesions of the hippocampus impair

Answer 34

spatial memory

Question 35

how do lesions of hippocampus effect performance in morris water maze test

Answer 35

latency - time taken to escape from water maze number of trials the animal took control and cortical lesion animals latency and number of trials increased

Question 36

blockade of NMDA receptors effect on hippocampus

Answer 36

impairs LTP in hippocampus

Question 37

What happens when a blockade (antagonist) of NMDA receptors (D-AP5) in the hippocampus in rats in vivo?

Answer 37

treatment contains active (DAP5) and inactive (LAP5) isomers of AP5 control - inactive isomer of AP5 antagonist of hppocampal NMDA receptors blocks preference for the target quadrant this shows that rats treated with DAP5 can't learn location of hidden platform

Question 38

what does muscmol (GABA(a) receptor agonist) do to CA1 of hippocampus

Answer 38

GABA (a) agonist infused into CA1 of hippocampus = temporarily inactivates it impairs retrieval of previously learned hidden plated location

Question 39

evidence that the hippocampus is involved in spatial memory in people

Answer 39

size of London taxi drivers posterior hippocampus correlates with years of experience

Question 40

test to show that the hippocampus is involved in spatial memory in humans

Answer 40

fMRI imaging during virtual navigation task around Londons soho district activity in the hippocampus positively correlates with distance to the goal location during active navigation

Question 41

the grandmother cell

Answer 41

a theoretical type of recognition neuron that represents a group of features about a single complex item or cencept

Question 42

is there evidence that grandmother cells exist

Answer 42

no more likely features of complex item are represented by a sparse distributed neuronal network

Question 43

Jennifer anniston cells (concept cells)

Answer 43

recorded individual neurones in hippocampus of epilepsy patents found neurons that reliably responded to specific familiar people (Jennifer Anniston)

Question 44

how to investigate visual recognition emory in animals

Answer 44

by novel object preference - inquisitiveness animals spend more time exploring new objects than familiar ones

Question 45

discrimination ratio

Answer 45

exploration preference expressed D = (novel - familiar) / (novel + familiar)

Question 46

what kind of memory is the pirirhinal cortex important for

Answer 46

inject recognition memories lesions on perirhinal cortex not hippocampus or medial prefrontal cortex impair novel object preference memory

Question 47

where is the Peririhinal cortex

Answer 47

Located adjacent to the hippocampus in medial temporal nodes directly and indirectly innervated the hippocampus