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SHS 350 > Brain: Memory & Language 3 > Flashcards

Brain: Memory & Language 3 Flashcards

0
Q

What is Episodic Memory?

A

Autobiographical Memory

Event Memory

Personally experienced events

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1
Q

Describe Tulving’s Long Term Memory Systems

A

Episodic Memory

Semantic Memory

Procedural Memory

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2
Q

How is Episodic Memory Formed?

A

Memory is formed automatically after one experience

You are usually not trying to remember the information

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3
Q

What sort of information do Episodic Memories include?

A

Time

Place

Emotion

When and Where are important!

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4
Q

Is information on When, Where, and What stored in the same part of the brain?

A

No, Where & When are stored in a different area of the brain than the What

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5
Q

Can you have a memory deficit where you can remember a piece of information but not remember where or when you learned it?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Can you also have a memory deficit where you lose the emotional connection to memories?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What do Episodic Memories give us?

A

Gives us our sense of self

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8
Q

What are Flashbulb Memories?

A

A special type of episodic memory that has a very strong emotional connection

Vivid memories of emotional events

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9
Q

How confident are people in their Flashbulb Memories?

A

Very!

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10
Q

What happens to our perception of Flashbulb Memories as time passes?

A

As time goes by, our confidence goes up but our accuracy goes down

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11
Q

What is Semantic Memory?

A

Generic Memory

General world knowledge

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12
Q

What is Concept Knowledge?

A

Knowledge of things

“What is a cup?”

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13
Q

What is Functional Knowledge?

A

What is the use of something

“What are phones used for?”

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14
Q

What is Factual Knowledge?

A

General Knowledge

6 x 7 = ?
How many states are there?
Famous Faces

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15
Q

What is Language Knowledge?

A

Knowledge of Words, Meanings, & Syntax

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16
Q

How is Semantic Memory formed?

A

Memories are formed over repeated experiences

The memory is formed over many, many exposures

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17
Q

Why is Semantic Memory important?

A

Information in semantic memory is critical for survival!

It allows us to recognize objects and situations even if we have never seen the exact item before.

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18
Q

How do we feel about things we don’t recognize?

A

If we cannot recognize something, it makes us really uncomfortable.

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19
Q

Why is there no emotional connection to Semantic Memories?

A

There is no associated time, place, or emotion

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20
Q

What is Procedural Memory?

A

Often used without conscious thinking

Includes:
Motor Skills (Muscle Memory)
Habits
Simple Associative Learning
Eye blinking, braking on red, etc.
Automatized Speech
Speech learned early and is frequently used
Beginning of the alphabet, #1-10, days of the week
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21
Q

How do we acquire Procedural Memory?

A

Learned through repetition

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22
Q

What is Declarative Memory?

A

Conscious memory

(Knowing “that….”)

You can declare it and are aware you know it.

They can be consciously accessed.

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23
Q

What types of memory are included in Declarative Memory?

A

Episodic Memory

Semantic Memory

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24
Q

Arturo Toscanin

A

Master Mnemonist

1867-1957

Famous Conductor

Had poor eyesight and thus conducted from memory

He knew every instrumental part from around 250 symphonies and 100 opera

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25
Q

Subject “S”

A

Master Mnemonist

Study by Luria in 1960s

Subject was called “S” to protect identity

Patient thought something was wrong with him because he couldn’t forget things

S’s memory seemed limitless

He could remember lists of numbers, words, and figures and S could reproduce them perfectly - even years later!

SS was haunted by the fact that he couldn’t forget anything!

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26
Q

Why is forgetting important?

A

It makes us more efficient

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27
Q

Rajan Mahadevan

A

Master Mnemonist

If he was shown a 20x20 array of digits for 30 seconds, he could report it perfectly 6 months later

Could recite pi to 31,811 digits (it took over 3 hours!)

Had normal memory for everything else (words, where he put his car keys, etc.)

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28
Q

Daniel Tammet

A

Master Mnemonist

Subject of Discovery Channel Documentary called “Brainman”

Memory abilities arose after a seizure at the age of 3

Can learn 1,000 digits in 40 minutes

Speaks several languages and learned Icelandic in one week!

Was diagnosed with Aspergers Syndrome as an adult

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29
Q

Jill Price

A

Master Mnemonist

She has extraordinary episodic memory but not semantic

She was terrible of memorizing lists of items

Saw memory as a curse

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30
Q

Hyperthymesia

A

Super Memory

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31
Q

How many Hyperthymesiacs do we know about?

A

Have only found 6 people who have met this qualification

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32
Q

How do Hyperthymesiacs approach information?

A

These people tend to be very obsessive in regards to organization

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33
Q

Why is Procedural Memory important?

A

It allows our memory to be open to focus on other tasks

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34
Q

What areas of the brain are associated with Procedural Memory?

A

Cerebellum

Basal Ganglia

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35
Q

Can patients with damage to the Cerebellum improve their Procedural Memory?

A

No - not even with practice

36
Q

What areas of the brain are associate with Semantic Memory?

A

Temporal Lobes

37
Q

What areas of the brain are associated with Episodic Memory?

A

Temporal Lobes

Especially the Hippocampus

Amygdala

Is not lateralized

38
Q

Where is the hippocampus located?

A

In the medial temporal lobe

39
Q

Is the hippocampus necessary for the retrieval of memories?

A

No, it is only critical for the creation (consolidation) of episodic memories

It is NOT the location of episodic memory

40
Q

Where is the Amygdala located?

A

On the end of the hippocampus

41
Q

What role does the Amygdala play in memory formation?

A

Put emotion into memories

It is involved in the processing of emotions (especially fear)

Works alongside hippocampus

42
Q

Are Episodic Memories stored in one section of the brain?

A

No, Episodic Memories do not seem to be stored in a single brain area, but elements of an experience are insteadstored in many areas

43
Q

What happens when we remember something?

A

Our ability to remember is a process of reconstruction or reactivation

The different components are activated to reconstruct the memory

44
Q

What is the best way to consolidate information?

A

Best way to consulate information is to follow it with several session of REM sleep

45
Q

What are False Memories?

A

Constructed memories for events that never occurred

46
Q

What did Elizabeth Loftus discover?

A

Exposure to misinformation can induce memory distortion

It can contaminate the original memory allowing false memories to be implanted

47
Q

What experiment did Loftus & Coan perform in 1994?

A

They enlisted family members to help convince 5 people (8-42 yrs) that they had been lost in a mall as a child

This was successful in every single individuals

48
Q

What experiment did Hyman et al. perform in 1993? What was the progression?

A

Students were asked about past events including a false one such as a hospital stay

1st Interview: No one recalled event

2nd Interview (1-7 days later): 20% remembered something about the false even (details about the hospital, the pain)

49
Q

What experiment did Hyman et al perform in 1996?

A

People were asked about true and false events

Spilling a punch bowl at a reception

False memory increases with each successive interview

50
Q

Why do false memories develop over time?

A

When memory is searched, all relevant information is retrieved from episodic memory

Every time you retrieve information, it creates a new episodic memory

51
Q

What experiment did Ceci et al perform in 1995-1996? What was the progression?

A

Children (3-6) were asked about real & false events (hand in a mousetrap, balloon ride, etc.)

3 months later, 36% of younger of children and 32% of older children claimed the events had actually happened

They greatly embellished their false memories

After the debriefing, some children continued to insist the events actually happened!

52
Q

What is Source Confusion?

A

When the source of information is forgotten

53
Q

Why does Source Confusion occur?

A

We pick up information from different places and parts of our lives

When we recall information, the sources can get confused

Just because something is familiar doesn’t mean it’s accurate or that the source is correct

54
Q

What part of the brain is Source Confusion associated with?

A

Source memory is associated with the prefrontal cortex

55
Q

False Memories can also occur because of…

A

Source Confusion

Mental Images (Vivid)

Reality Monitoring

56
Q

What are Mental Images?

A

If a mental image is rich in detail and easy to imagine, we may think it really happened

“Imagine this event happened to you…”

“Did I dream it or did it happen?”

57
Q

Do dreams create episodic memories?

A

Yes

58
Q

What is Reality Monitoring?

A

People aren’t perfect at knowing whether they actually did an action or just imagined doing it

59
Q

Who was H.M.?

A

Grew up in the 1950s

Had unremarkable childhood up until 9 years

At 9, was knocked off of bike and hit head

At 10, had first minor seizure

At 16, first major seizure

As an adult, suffered seizures and blackouts

Had his hippocampus bilaterally removed as a solution to seizures

Suffered Anterograde Amnesia as a result of this procedure

60
Q

What happened to H.M. in 1953?

A

Dr. Scoville performed a bilateral medial temporal lobe resection

He removed H.M.’s hippocampus on both sides

No one knew what the hippocampus did!

61
Q

What happened to H.M. after his surgery?

A

Stopped having seizures

Had a normal Working Memory span

He could not learn any new information

His memories up to age 16 were intact

62
Q

When did H.M. pass away?

A

2008

63
Q

What did we learn from H.M.?

A

Based on H.M.’s outcome, it was concluded that the hippocampus was important for episodic memory

64
Q

What types of amnesia are there?

A

Retrograde Amnesia

Anterograde Amnesia

65
Q

What is Retrograde Amnesia?

A

Impaired memory for events that occurred before the trauma (TBI)

Learning of new information is normal! (Still intact)

When due to TBI, many memories are often recovered

66
Q

What sorts of Retrograde Amnesia are there?

A

Mild: Loss of minutes/hours

Severe: Complete loss of past events. Very Rare!

67
Q

What is Temporally Graded Retrograde Amnesia?

A

Events that occurred a long time ago (Remote Events) are less affected than those close to the event

68
Q

Who is Scott Bolzan?

A

Suffers from a rare case of severe retrograde amnesia

Is from Gilbert, AZ

He suffered brain damage in 2008 due to a fall in the bathroom at work.

69
Q

What is Anterograde Amnesia?

A

Impaired memory for events occurring after injury

Memory for pre-injury events are good

Anterograde amnesia results in difficulty in learning new information

They still have…
Intact Short Term Working Memory/Working Memory
Intact Pre-Trauma memories

70
Q

Which is more common: Anterograde Amnesia or Retrograde Amnesia?

A

Anterograde Amnesia

It is the characteristic of “amnesia syndromes”

71
Q

What is “N.A. and the Unfortunate Foil”?

A

In 1960, N.A. (a 22 year old Air Force student) had an accident with a mini fencing foil

He suffered damage to the diencephalon (Thalamus & mammilary bodies)

Memories prior to the accident were intact

Like H.M., N.A. could not remember any new information

72
Q

Who is E.P.?

A

He also had a case of Severe Anterograde Amnesia

Was able to remember three word phrases using his procedural memory

73
Q

Who is Clive Wearing?

A

The most severe and well documented case of amnesia

He was a conductor who was stricken with viral encephalitis

Clive has severe Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia

He lives in about a one minute span

Always thinks he’s “just waking up”

74
Q

Why is Viral Encephalitis damaging to memory?

A

This can attack the medial temporal lobe where the hippocampus is.

Most cognitive side effects caused by encephalitis are memory related

75
Q

How is Clive Wearing’s Episodic Memory?

A

Nonexistent

He has absolutely no Personal Memories

76
Q

How is Clive Wearing’s Semantic Memory?

A

Impaired

He cannot learn new facts, faces, or names

Prior Facts Retained (Still has intact function & concept information)

77
Q

How is Clive Wearing’s Procedural Memory?

A

Good!

Intact piano playing/singing skills

Can play cards

Can make tea

Etc.

78
Q

What are some other conditions that can lead to Amnesia?

A

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Anoxia

79
Q

What is Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

A

Usually has Severe Anterograde Amnesia with fairly intact remote memories

Unique among Amnesiacs

Suffers have lack of awareness or concern over memory deficit (They deny it or don’t think it’s a big deal)

Caused by a Thiamine (B1) deficiency

80
Q

Who tends to suffer from Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

A

Also seen in those with chronic anorexia

If caught early enough, if can be treated with vitamin supplements

Seen in 40% of alcoholics (to some degree)

Usually appears after 10+ years of heavy drinking

(They drink so much that they barely eat)

81
Q

Is there a treatment for Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

A

They can be treated with B1

Usually there is some recovery but it is very slow and often incomplete

82
Q

How do Korsakoff’s Syndrome suffers react to their memory deficits?

A

Have lack of awareness or concern over memory deficit

They deny it or don’t think it’s a big deal

They will confabulate to cover up memory gaps

83
Q

What is Anoxia?

A

Basically oxygen deprivation

84
Q

How long before Anoxia causes brain damage?

A

Anoxia of >5 minutes results in brain damage

85
Q

What can cause anoxia?

A

Carbon Monoxide poisoning

Choking

Drowning

Cardiac Arrest

Etc.

86
Q

What part of the brain is extremely sensitive to Anoxia?

A

Medial temporal lobes are very sensitive to anoxia

87
Q

What kind of Amnesia is most common with Anoxia?

A

Usually results in Anterograde Amnesia but can also result in Retrograde Amnesia?

SHS 350 (4 decks)

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