Brain Memory & Language 4

Question 0

Recall Test

Answer 0

Material is learned then reproduced later

Question 1

What do Explicit Memory Tests measure?

What do Direct Memory Tests measure?

Answer 1

Memory that we express with awareness

Conscious memory

Question 2

Serial Recall Test

Answer 2

Material is learned then reproduced in the same order

Question 3

Free Recall Test

Answer 3

Material is learned and reproduced in any order

Question 4

Cued Recall Test

Answer 4

Material is learned then reproduced using other words as memory triggers

Question 5

What do Implicit Memory Tests measure?

What do Indirect Memory Tests measure?

Answer 5

Memories that is expressed WITHOUT awareness

Unconscious access to memory

Question 6

How are Implicit Memory Tests performed?

How are Indirect Memory Tests performed?

Answer 6

Subjects are asked to “do this task”

They usually don’t know their memory is being tested

Tests look for a subject’s improvement because this shows material is being retained.

Question 7

How do people with amnesia perform on explicit vs. implicit memory test?

Answer 7

They tend to be horrible at direct memory tests but do amazing well on indirect memory tests

They seem to be able to store material but not to consciously access it.

Question 8

What does the Ventral Pathway connect?

Answer 8

The Occipital and Temporal Lobes

Question 9

What sort of information is handled by the ventral pathway?

Answer 9

What is ______?

Question 10

Damage to what neural pathway causes Agnosia?

Answer 10

Ventral Pathway

Question 11

What does the Dorsal Stream connect?

Answer 11

The Occipital to the Parietal

Question 12

What sort of information is handled by the Dorsal Stream?

Answer 12

How something functions or works?

Where something is located?

Question 13

Agnosia

Answer 13

The inability to recognize objects even though the person has intact sensory modalities (abilities)

Can only affect one sense modality

Question 14

Is Agnosia a sensory deficit?

Answer 14

No, it is a recognition deficit

Question 15

What is the most common form of Agnosia?

Answer 15

Visual Agnosia

Question 16

Visual Agnosia

Answer 16

A person can see an object, but they cannot recognize it.

They can recognize objects by using their other senses.

Question 17

Two Types of Visual Agnosia

Answer 17

Apperceptive Agnosia

Associative Agnosia

Question 18

Apperceptive Agnosia

Answer 18

There is a visual perception problem

The person sees the parts but not the whole

They cannot integrate the visual information into a stable representation

Question 19

Someone with Apperceptive Agnosia cannot…

Answer 19

Visual recognize objects, words, or faces

Match by shape

Copy drawings

Question 20

Someone with Apperceptive Agnosia can…

Answer 20

See and reach for objects

Can identify colors

Identify objects using their other senses

Question 21

Sometimes people with Apperceptive Agnosia are assumed to be…

Answer 21

…blind

Question 22

What is the most common CAUSE of Agnosia?

Answer 22

Carbon Monoxide poisoning

Question 23

What sort of neural damage causes Apperceptive Agnosia?

Answer 23

Occipital lesions that are located towards the Ventral Pathways

Question 24

Associative Agnosia

Answer 24

Subject can form a stable mental concept of something but they cannot connect this to their Long Term Memory Thus, they have no recognition of the object They can't name or use objects

Question 25

People with Associative Agnosia can...

Answer 25

ID items by touch Copy drawings Match by shape

Question 26

People with Associative Agnosia cannot...

Answer 26

Name items (even their own drawings) Match items by use or category using sight Match drawings to objects

Question 27

What sort of neural damage causes Associative Agnosia?

Answer 27

Bilateral damage along the Ventral Pathway in the Temporal Lobe

Question 28

Prosopagnosia

Answer 28

The inability to recognize individual faces

Question 29

People with Prosopagnosia can...

Answer 29

Identify faces as faces Identify parts of face

Question 30

Types of Prosopagnosia

Answer 30

Acquired Prosopagnosia Developmental Prosopagnosia

Question 31

What sort of neural damage caused Prosopagnosia?

Answer 31

Damage to the Fusiform Face Area

Question 32

Where is the Fusiform Face Area located?

Answer 32

In the Inferior Temporal Lobe

Question 33

Acquired Prosopagnosia

Answer 33

Caused by brain damage Often co-occurs with agnosia Is very rare

Question 34

Developmental Prosopagnosia

Answer 34

There is no brain damage Is highly variable Is more common than previously thought

Question 35

Facial recognition is...

Answer 35

RH dominant

Question 36

How do normal people process upside down faces?

Answer 36

We have a much harder time. We really want to look at faces when they are right side up Many prosopagnosiacs find this easier

Question 37

Selective Attention

Answer 37

Attending to specific information while ignoring other information Other things aren't noticed until someone or something directs your attention to them

Question 38

Controlled Attention Decision-Making Attention

Answer 38

You control or decide where to attend and on what | Focusing on your computer in a coffeehouse, focusing on the ball in a basketball game, etc.

Question 39

Automatic Attention Reflexive Attention "Surprise" Attention

Answer 39

You can't stop yourself from attending to this information | Sudden loud noises, flashing lights, sudden movement, etc.

Question 40

Cocktail Party Effect

Answer 40

You can't help but attend to your own name Sometimes you'll even attend to words that sound like your name

Question 41

Neural Bases of Attention

Answer 41

PAS - Posterior Attentional System AAS - Anterior Attentional System VS - Vigilance System

Question 42

Posterior Attentional System PAS

Answer 42

Orienting attention in space (Where is it?) Automatic attention

Question 43

What area of the brain is the PAS associated with?

Answer 43

Parietal Lobe Somatosensory Cortex (Anterior Parietal Lobe - Strip)

Question 44

Anterior Attentional System AAS

Answer 44

Selective Attention System (What is important? Irrelevant?) Controlled Attention

Question 45

What area of the brain is the AAS associated with?

Answer 45

Pre-Frontal Cortex

Question 46

Vigilance System VS

Answer 46

Sustained Attention

Question 47

What area of the brain is the VS associated with?

Answer 47

Right Pre-Frontal Cortex Right Parietal Lobe Lateralized in the RH

Question 48

If you don't attend to something...

Answer 48

...you won't "see" it

Question 49

Change Blindness

Answer 49

The inability to notice large changes in the environment To see an object change, you must attend to it.

Question 50

Inattentional Blindness

Answer 50

When people are tightly focused on one task, they will fail to notice other things

Question 51

Top Down Attention

Answer 51

Controlled Decision Making You choose what to focus on

Question 52

Bottom Up Attention

Answer 52

Your attention is grabbed by something outside of yourself Automatic Attention

Question 53

Hemi-Neglect

Answer 53

Characterized by only attending to information on one side

Question 54

What sort of neural damage can cause hemi-neglect?

Answer 54

Damage to the Right Parietal Lobe

Question 55

What attention systems are affected by hemi-neglect?

Answer 55

Posterior Attention System Vigilance System

Question 56

Left Neglect is...

Answer 56

More common More severe Longer lasting than Right Neglect

Question 57

Visual Neglect Spatial Neglect

Answer 57

Things on the left side are not "seen" These patients may regularly bump into objects on their left In severe cases they may even ignore sounds on their left

Question 58

Is Visual Neglect a visual problem?

Answer 58

No!

Question 59

Hemi-Neglect vs. Hemisensory Loss

Answer 59

Neglect = No awareness, totally ignores left side Loss = Awareness, compensates for inability

Question 60

Steps to Attention

Answer 60

Input -> Perception -> Attention

Question 61

What is the Parietal Lobe associated with? | 5

Answer 61

Sensation Perception Integrating Information (Sensory & Visual) Spatial Layout & Orientation Body Perception & Orientation

Question 62

Somatosensory Strip Sensory Cortex

Answer 62

Processing Tactile Sensory Input Integrating Sensory Information Spatial Relationships

Question 63

Mismatches in visual & sensory information...

Answer 63

...is confusing

Question 64

Agosognosia

Answer 64

Lack of awareness of impairment Denial of impairment Usually of hemiparesis or hemiplegia

Question 65

Hemiparesis

Answer 65

Extreme weakness of the right side

Question 66

Hemiplegia

Answer 66

Paralysis of the right side

Question 67

What sort of neural damage can cause Anosognosia?

Answer 67

Right Parietal Damage

Question 68

How do Anosognosiac patients explain their impairment?

Answer 68

"I don't know why this isn't working" "I am doing it" Confabulation