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SHS 350 > Brain Memory & Language - Unit 2 > Flashcards

Brain Memory & Language - Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the front

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2
Q

Dorsal

A

Upper part

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3
Q

Inferior

A

Lower part

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4
Q

Lateral

A

Toward the outside of the brain

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5
Q

Medial

A

Towards the inside of the brain

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6
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the back

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7
Q

Superior

A

Upper part

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8
Q

Ventral

A

Lower part

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9
Q

Agrammatism

A

Synatactic Deficit: Problems producing or comprehending language form

Telegraphic Production (NVO: “Dog eat cookie”)

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10
Q

Agrammatism - Symptoms

3

A

Reduced variety of words and syntax

Leaves out function words (Is, are, the, and, etc.)

Leaves out main verbs (“Dan store”)

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11
Q

Angular Gyrus - Function

A

Wernicke’s Area doesn’t really respond to visual input.

The angular gyrus interprets letters into abstract linguistical concepts

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12
Q

Angular Gyrus - Location

3

A

Temporal Lobe

Near: Inferior edge of the Parietal Lobe

Left Hemisphere

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13
Q

Damage to the angular gyrus usually causes…

A

Acquired dyslexia

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14
Q

Anomia

4

A

Word retrieval deficit

More severe TOT effect (Tip of the Tongue)

Paraphasia

Word error

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15
Q

Apahsia

A

Acquired language impairment

Affects all modalities of language (reading, writing, listening, speaking)

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16
Q

Language Problems Associated with Aphasia

4

A

Form (Articles, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, & morphemes)

Content (Meaning of words)

Use (Pragmatic Ability)

Usually will vary in severity and will change over time

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17
Q

Causes of Aphasia

4

A

Stoke (CVA)

Tramatic Brain Injury (less common)

Infections

Tumors

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18
Q

Common Deficits seen in Aphasia

6

A

Anomia

Phonemic Paraphasia

Semantic Paraphasia

Neologism

Perseveration

Stereotypic Utterances

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19
Q

Fluent Aphasia - Symptoms

4

A

Easy flow verbal output

Normal prosody

Anomia

Neologism & paraphasias

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20
Q

Nonfluent Aphasia - Symptoms

4

A

Slow, effortful, & labored speech

Impaired prosody

Anomia

May have Agrammatism

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20
Q

Types of Fluent Aphasia

4

A

Wernike’s Aphasia

Conduction Aphasia

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

Anomic Aphasia

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21
Q

Types of Nonfluent Aphasia

3

A

Broca’s Aphasia

Transcortical Motor Aphasia

Global Aphasia

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22
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

Expressive Aphasia

Motor Aphasia

(5)

A

Production is more severely impaired than comprehension

Impaired naming & repetition

Agrammatism

Good self-monitoring

Written language typically mirrors their oral language

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22
Q

Anomic Aphasia

3

A

Comprehension and production are pretty good

Anomia is prominent

Mildest type of aphasia

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23
Q

Conduction Aphasia

4

A

Repetition is more impaired than comprehension and production

Fluent but more paraphasias (usually phonemic)

Oral reading difficulty but reading comprehension ok

Aware of errors

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24
Q

Global Aphasia

A

All language functions will be severely impaired

This diagnosis is used very sparingly because it’s hard to receive insurance help with this diagnosis

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25
Q

Transcortical Motor Aphasia

A

Similar to Broca’s except better repetition (although delayed) and less anomia

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25
Q

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

A

Similar to Wernicke’s except repetition will be ok

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26
Q

Wernike’s Aphasia

Receptive Aphasia

Sensory Aphasia

(8)

A

Impaired comprehension

Production is fluent, smooth, and effortless

Syntax can be good and complex

Word retrieval difficulties

Jargon

Empty speech

Circumlocation

Neologisms

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26
Q

Levels of Impaired Comprehension in Wernicke’s Aphasia

3

A

Severe: Cannont comprehend simple information

Moderate: Get the gist, but miss the specifics

Mild: Some semantic impairments

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27
Q

Arcuate Fasciculus

A

Connects Broca’s & Wernicke’s Areas

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27
Q

Aprosodia

A

Prosody deficits

Diminished prosody (May result in monotone speech)

Loss of Emotional Prosody

Linguistic Prosody

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28
Q

Broca’s Area - Function

A

How to Form Words

Plans & organizes speech movements

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28
Q

Broca’s Area - Location

4

A

Inferior

Posterior

Frontal Gyrus

Left Hemisphere

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29
Q

Who was Paul Broca?

3

A

Lived 1824-1880

Noticed that patients with right side paralysis also had language disorders (aphasia)

Discovered that LH posterior frontal lobe is involved in speech production

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29
Q

Broca’s Patient: Tam

4

A

He had right side paralysis and obvious language problems

Could say “tam” and swear

He had good language comprehension

After death, damage was found in the left hemisphere to the posterior frontal lobe (Broca’s Area)

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30
Q

Broca’s Patient: LeLong

4

A

He had good comprehension

Communicated with gestures

Could say “oui”, “non”, “trois”, & “toujours”

After death, it was found that he had damage to the LH of the posterior frontal lobe (Broca’s Area)

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30
Q

Exner’s Writing Area - Function

A

Deals with pre-motor directions for your hand

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31
Q

Exner’s Writing Area - Location

A

Just above Broca’s Area in frontal lobe

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32
Q

Right Frontal Area - Function

A

Expression of emotion in faces/voices

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33
Q

Right Parieto-Temporal Area - Function

A

Perception of emotion in faces/voices

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34
Q

Wernicke’s Area - Function

3

A

Connects sounds to words and meanings

Matches the set of sounds to the set of stored words

Now the meaning is understood

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35
Q

Wernicke’s Area - Location

4

A

Superior

Posterior

Temporal Gyrus

Left Hemisphere

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36
Q

Who was Karl Wernicke?

3

A

Lived 1848-1904

Wernicke discovered that the posterior temporal lobe is involved in language comprehension

Also proposed a language processing model (extended by Geschwind)

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37
Q

Wernicke’s Patient

3

A

Had a patient who spoke fluently but the speech was nonsensical

Patient also could not understand speech and suffered no paralysis

Autopsy revealed damage to the posterior temporal lobe

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38
Q

What percentage of people have Broca’s & Wernicke’s areas in the Left Hemisphere?

A

90%

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39
Q

What would happen if you were to accidentally remove Broca’s & Wernicke’s areas?

A

The patient will no longer be able to produce or understand language

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40
Q

Cerebral Commissurotomy

3

A

A procedure to keep hemispheres from interacting with each other

The surgeon cuts completely through the corpus callosum

Still performed today

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41
Q

Confabulatation vs. Lying

A

Confabulate = make up things, trying to explain things, may believe their own explanations

Lying = You know you are saying something wrong and are trying to deceive

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42
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

It connects the two hemispheres

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43
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex - Function

A

Processes Nerve Signals into Sounds

Auditory Perception

Only sound - no meaning

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43
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex - Location

4

A

Superior

Anterior

Temporal Lobe

Left Hemisphere

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44
Q

Primary Motor Cortex - Function

A

Guides Motor Movement

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45
Q

Primary Motor Cortex - Location

A

Posterior

Frontal Lobe

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46
Q

Dysgraphia

A

Difficulty writing

Often accompanies dyslexia

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47
Q

Phonological Dysgraphia

3

A

Can spell known regular words

Can spell known irregular words

Cannot spell non-words

48
Q

Surface Dysgraphia

A

Words are spelled like they sound

49
Q

Dyslexia

A

Difficulty reading

50
Q

Acquired Dyslexia

3

A

Sometimes “Alexia”

Normal reading is affected by stroke, disease, or TBI

A LOSS of skill

51
Q

Types of Acquired Dyslexia

3

A

Surface Dyslexia/Dysgraphia

Phonological Dyslexia/Dysgraphia

Deep Dyslexia

52
Q

What acquired dyslexia is similar to Dysphonetic Dyslexia (Auditory Dyslexia)?

A

Phonological Dyslexia

53
Q

What acquired dyslexia is similar to Dyseidetic Dyslexia (Visual Dyslexia)?

A

Surface Dyslexia

54
Q

Deep Dyslexia

A

Most severe form of acquired dyslexia

55
Q

Deep Dyslexia - Symptoms

4

A

Visual errors (Quarrel might be read as Squirrel)

Semantic Errors (Daughter read as Sister, Hot read as Cold, In read as His)

Visual & Semantic Errors (Sympathy read as Orchestra)

Non-Word Errors (Teep read as Sweets)

56
Q

Developmental Dyslexia

3

A

Difficulties in developing normal reading skills

No loss of skill

Nothing wrong with child but they are having trouble gaining fluent reading skills

57
Q

Types of Developmental Dyslexia

3

A

Dyseidetic Dyslexia (Visual Dyslexia)

Dysphonetic Dyslexia (Auditory Dyslexia)

Dysphoneidetic (Mixed) Dyslexia

58
Q

What developmental dyslexia is similar to Surface Dyslexia?

A

Dyseidetic Dyslexia or Visual Dyslexia

59
Q

What developmental dyslexia is similar to Phonological Dyslexia?

A

Dysphonetic Dyslexia or Auditory Dyslexia

60
Q

Dyseidetic Dyslexia

Visual Dyslexia

(3)

A

Deficit is in analyzing or remembering symbols

Can remember the parts but not how they fit together

Similar to Acquired Surface Dyslexia

61
Q

Dyseidetic Dyslexia & the Brain

Visual Dyslexia & the Brain

(3)

A

Brains scans have shown that Angular Gyrus is less active than in normal readers

Possible Angular Gyrus dysfunction?

Frontal Lobe is much more active because it’s doing more work

62
Q

Characteristics of Dyseidetic Dyslexia

Characteristics of Visual Dyslexia

(4)

A

Letter order confusion (Read/spell “dose” for “does”, “on” as “no”)

Heavy reliance on sounding out words (Can’t do whole word reading)

Extreme difficulty with irregular words (“laugh” is read “log” and spelled “laff”)

Common irregular words cause the most trouble (“was”, “said”, “does”)

63
Q

Dysphoneidetic Dyslexia

Mixed Dyslexia

A

Trouble with both sound and symbols

Most severe (hardest to treat)

64
Q

Dysphonetic Dyslexia

Auditory Dyslexia

A

Difficulty with what & where sounds are in a word

Some children may be referred to as having phonological dyslexia

65
Q

Characteristics of Dysphonetic Dyslexia

Characteristics of Auditory Dyslexia

(7)

A

Dependence on sight vocabulary

Trouble with phonics (sounding out words)

Spellings may be bizarre because they don’t follow phonological rules.

High frequency words are easier

Guessing based on context - not letters (“He was riding the donkey” read as “He was riding the horse”)

Unknown words are the hardest (“farm” instead of “familiar”
“lap” instead of “lamp”)

Similar to phonological dyslexia

66
Q

Phonological Dyslexia

3

A

There is a break down in the phonological route

This means they cannot sound things out

Cannot read non-words or unfamiliar words

67
Q

Phonological Dyslexia - Symptoms

6

A

Rely on recognizing words

Are unable to use phonological rules to sound out words

Known regular words are intact

Known irregular words are intact

Cannot read non-words

Cannot read non-word homophones

68
Q

Surface Dyslexia

3

A

There is a breakdown in the direct visual route.

The mental dictionary still exists but they cannot access it visually only audibly

This means they must phonetically decode everything

69
Q

Surface Dyslexia - Symptoms

6

A

It is like becoming an early reader again where they sound everything out

Have a heavy reliance on phonological rules

They can read regularly spelled words

They can read non words that are spelled regularly

They cannot recognize irregular words

Non-word homophones seem fine to them (Grean vs. Green, etc.)

70
Q

What happens when split brain patients encounter a Chimeric Face (1/2 of one person and 1/2 of another)?

A

They report seeing a single face

Seems like each hemisphere completes a complete face.

71
Q

Who was Dr. Marc Dax?

4

A

Country doctor

In 1836, he reported on 3 patients who had right side paralysis and language disorders (aphasia)

Stated that this meant language is localized to the left brain hemisphere

Was ridiculed by the medical Academy and ignored

72
Q

Auditory Hemispheres

A

Right Ear advantage for speech since speech is left hemisphere localized

Left Ear advantage for music & non-verbal sound

73
Q

Left Hemisphere Specialties

8

A

Language!

Logical & Analytical Processing

Math

Time & Order

Interpretation of the world

Details

Local Processing

How do I get to the end result

74
Q

How is language affected by LH damage?

A

Can’t speak fluently

Can’t comprehend

75
Q

Right Hemisphere Specialties

6

A

Visuo-spatial skills & imagery

Recognizing faces

Recognition & Expression of Emotion

Processing of Music & Humor

Gestures & prosody (how we say the words: intonation)

Global Processing

76
Q

What areas of speech can the RH process?

A

Familiar, concrete nouns

Simple Syntax (Like a two-year-old’s comprehension)

77
Q

Facial Expressions & the Right Hemisphere

4

A

There are subtle difference between expressions

We perceive emotions even in very simple faces

We have a left-facing bias

People often pose to show our right side or to have the shadow fall on the left

78
Q

RHD & Negative Emotions

4

A

Some evidence that the RH may be dominant in processing negative emotions where the LH may be more so in processing positive emotions (Still being studied)

Patients with RHD have trouble with the negative emotions but not so much the positive

Some of these patients may not be able to recognize negative emotions but they may still be able to express negative emotion

They may not “see” emotion in phrases

“I can’t believe he made this mess again!” vs. “When he leaves a mess, it makes me mad!”

79
Q

How is language affected by RH Damage?

A

Speech remains fluent but other aspects are affected

80
Q

Emotional Expression & RHD

4

A

Difficulty in making emotional expressions

Difficulty in conveying emotions to other people

Difficulty in recognizing emotional expressions

It can appear to others that the patient just doesn’t care what others are feeling

81
Q

Other Deficits from RHD

9

A

Discourse (sentence) appropriateness and organization (in production)

Many RHD patients show disrupted, spontaneous speech (excessive, rambling, & repetitive)

No turn taking

They use a lot of words but don’t give a lot of information

They have trouble judging relevance (What’s the important information)

They tend to wander off topic

They may confabulate

Given a bizarre story, they don’t act surprised and may justify the weird events

Their language may be ego-centric (Assumption that everyone knows what they know)

82
Q

What percentage of RHD patients show language impairment?

A

About 50% show some level of communication impairment

These are beyond the basic linguistic level

83
Q

Which hemisphere is more impulsive?

A

RH very impulsive - especially when mad

84
Q

Which hemisphere is language dominant?

A

The Left Hemisphere

85
Q

Which hemisphere is dominant in emotional processing?

A

RH is dominant in emotional processing

86
Q

Language & Lateralization

4

A

95% of right handed people are language LH dominant

70% of left handed people are language LH dominant

Very few are language RH dominant

Those who are not language LH dominant tend to be language bilateral

87
Q

Can most people speak or comprehend language when the Left Hemisphere is asleep?

A

No

88
Q

Why is language mapping done when the patient is fully awake?

A

You can’t map language unless the patient is able to talk

89
Q

Who discovered that language was localized in the left hemisphere?

A

Dr. Marc Dax

90
Q

Mental Process for Understanding Speech (Listening)

A

Primary Auditory Cortex processes Nerve Signals into Sounds

Wernicke’s Area interprets Sounds into Words

91
Q

Linguistic Pathway for Listening

2

A

Primary Auditory Cortex => Wernicke’s

92
Q

Linguistic Pathway for Reading

3

A

Primary Visual Cortex => Angular Gyrus => Wernicke’s

93
Q

Linguistic Pathway for Talking

4

A

Wernicke’s => Arcuate Fasciculus => Broca’s => Primary Motor Cortex

94
Q

Linguistic Pathway for Writing

6

A

Wernicke’s => Angular Gyrus => Arcuate Fasciculus => Broca’s => Exner’s => Primary Motor Cortex

95
Q

Language Areas Located in the Frontal Lobe

2

A

Broca’s Area

Primary Motor Cortex

96
Q

Language Areas Located in the Temporal Lobe

5

A

Wernicke’s Area

Primary Auditory Cortex

Angular Gyrus

Arcuate Fasciculus

Exner’s Writing Area

97
Q

Neologism

A

A made up word

Jargon

98
Q

Phonemic Paraphasia

A

Substituting different sounds or syllables for the correct on

Instead of “ground” saying “round” or “bound”

99
Q

Semantic Paraphasia

A

Producing a semantically related word instead of target

Instead of “chair” saying “bench” or “bed”

100
Q

Perseveration

A

Inappropriate repetition of a response

101
Q

Who created Phrenology?

A

Franz Joseph Gall

102
Q

Global Processing

A

Processing of wholes

Comprehending the big picture

103
Q

Local Processing

A

Processing of parts

104
Q

Logical & Analytical Processing

A

Steps of fulfilling goals

105
Q

Processing of Music & Humor

A

Hearing notes in the background (left) to recognizing the tune (right)

Slapstick (left) towards satire (right)

106
Q

Time & Order Processing

A

Time management

Organization

Time estimation

107
Q

Prosody

3

A

Tone and flow of language

The “music” of speech

Intonation, stress, etc.

108
Q

Emotional Prosody

3

A

Emotional content in voice

Expressing emotions in speech

Judging the emotional tone of others

109
Q

Gestures & Prosody

4

A

Prosody = How we say the words: intonation

We understand people better when they gesture

Emotional prosody

Emphasis prosody

110
Q

Linguistic Prosody

A

Grammatical prosody

Like raising your tone to ask a question

111
Q

When learning to read, what reading route do kids mostly rely on?

A

The phonological route

As they become more experienced, they begin to rely on the direct visual route

112
Q

Direct Visual Route

4

A

Word’s letter units are processes

The letters are compared to the mental dictionary

The meaning is connected to the word

This works for both regular and irregular words

113
Q

Dual Route Model of Reading

A

Direct Visual Route vs. Phonological Route

114
Q

Phonological Route

4

A

Word’s letter units are processes

The letters are phonologically decoded

The sounds are compared to the audio dictionary

Meaning is comprehended (or not for a non-word)

115
Q

Dr. Sperry & Dr. Gazzaniga

4

A

Set up tests with split brain patients so information only goes to one hemisphere

Patients only reacted abnormally during tests

In everyday life, these patients respond normally to objects in their environment.

This is possible because we rarely if ever are required (or able) to use only one hemisphere

116
Q

During the Sperry/Gazzaniga tests, what happened when the subjects interacted with objects on the left side?

(3)

A

When things were experienced by the left, then they did not know what it was

But when asked to locate an item by touch, they could do this with their left side with 100% accuracy

They can also use the item (fork, pen, etc) according to its function

117
Q

During the Sperry/Gazzaniga tests, what happened when the subjects interacted with objects on the right side?

A

When things where experienced by the right side, then they could name the item and use them according to their function

118
Q

What condition can occur immediately after split brain surgery?

(3)

A

“Oppositional” behaviors

One side acts in opposition to the other

Example: one side engages in buttoning and the other in unbuttoning

119
Q

Mental Process for Speech Response (Talking)

4

A

Wernicke’s Area selects Words

Arcuate Fasciculus passes on Information

Broca’s Area recalls how to Form Words

Primary Motor Cortex guides Motor Movement

120
Q

Stereotypic Utterances

A

A word of phrase used frequently and in inappropriate situations

121
Q

Wada Test

4

A

Named after Dr. Wada

Hemisphere dominance test

One hemisphere is put to sleep. (A few days later they will test the other hemisphere)

When each side is asleep they ask the patient questions

122
Q

What kinds of questions are asked during the Wada Test

3

A

Identify pictures and/or words (language)

Fluency task (name all the fruits you can)

Later they will ask what items were shown (memory)

123
Q

During the Wada Test, what is injected into the brain to put a hemisphere to sleep? Where is it injected?

A

Sodium Amytal

It is injected into a left or right cerebral artery

124
Q

What happens after the initial Wada Test?

A

This will be repeated after the other hemisphere comes back online

Sometimes the patient will not even remember being shown people

125
Q

Valence Theory

3

A

The RH is primarily responsible for negative emotions

The LH is primarily responsible for positive emotions

There is limited support for this theory

126
Q

Dr. Van Wagenen

4

A

1940s

Worked with patients with severe epilepsy

Created the Cerebral Commissurotomy

Patients seemed to suffer no ill effects and no longer had seizures

127
Q

The Wernicke-Geschwind Model of Language

A

Assumes language is in the LH Frontal language areas

128
Q

Visuo-spatial skills & imagery

A

Manipulating shapes in the head

Envisioning an image in your head

130
Q

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A

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SHS 350 (4 decks)

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