Brain Regions/Functions – Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Subcortical Forebrain Structures Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
allows you to remember how to ride a bicycle, swim, and play a musical instrument
A
cerebellum
2
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
is responsible for attaching emotions to memories for surprising and shocking events.
A
amygdala
3
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
Research outcomes for patients with major depressive disorder have shown that the extent of symptoms following participation in CBT are positively correlated with increases in the volume of the…
A
anterior cingulate cortex
4
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
Severe damage - often fatal; plays role in the regulation of respiration and cardiovascular functioning
A
medulla oblongata
5
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
maintains a constant body temperature
A
hypothalamus
6
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
increasing levels of this hormone causes oversensitivity to emotions in the faces of other people
A
oxytocin
7
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
Three months after a car accident that damaged his hippocampus, a 24-year-old man is most likely to be unable to recall events that happened:
a. in the distant past
b. in the recent past
c. during the accident
d. after the accident
A
d. after the accident
8
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
symptoms of Tourette’s have been linked to abnormalities in this area of the brain
A
basal ganglia
9
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
The following issues are associated to damage in what area of the brain?
* respiratory problems
* difficulty swallowing
* slurred speech
* problems with balance & coordination
* nausea
* sleep disturbances
* confusion
* loss of consciousness
A
brainstem/medulla
10
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
brain region that includes the cerebral cortex
A
forebrain
11
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
Involuntary mouth and throat movements & other functions essential for survival are associated with what area of the brain?
A
medulla oblongota
12
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
(recreational drug) can disrupt the functioning of the (hindbrain structure) and can result in death.
A
opioids; medulla
13
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
connects two halves of the cerebellum & helps coordinate movement on both sides of the body
A
pons
14
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
structures of the HINDBRAIN?
A
medulla, pons, cerebellum
15
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
subcortical structure that relays messages between the cerebral cortex, forebrain, and cerebellum & plays a role in REM sleep
A
pons
16
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
coordinates voluntary movements & is responsible for maintaining posture and balance
A
cerebellum
17
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
Term for impaired balance and coordination, slurred speech, jerky eye movements (nystagmus), lack of muscle control, & blurred or double vision
A
ataxia
18
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
Procedural & implicit memories are associated with what area of the brain?
A
cerebellum
19
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
type of memories that operate on an unconscious, automatic level
A
implicit memories
20
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
These non-motor cognitive functions are associated with what area of the brain?
- attention
- linguistic processing
- visuospatial abilities
A
cerebellum
21
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
subcortical structures of the midbrain
A
- reticular formation
- substantia nigra
22
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
midbrain connects these 2 ares of the brain
A
hindbrain & forebrain
23
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
a network of neurons that extend from the medulla into the midbrain
A
reticular formation
24
Q
Brain Regions & Functions
The following functions are associated with what area of the brain?
- regulation of muscle tone
- coordination of eye movements
- control of pain
A
reticular formation
25
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
The following functions are associated with what area of the brain?
* consciousness and arousal
* controls the sleep/wake cycle
* alerts the **cerebral cortex** to incoming sensory signals
reticular (ascending) activating system
26
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
lesions on the reticular activating system results in a...
comatose state
27
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the effect of **direct stimulation** or **stimulation by sensory input** on a sleeping person vs an awake person
- awaken a sleeping person
- awake person becomes more alert
28
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
reward-seeking & drug addiction are roles associated with what area of the brain?
substantia nigra
29
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the *substantia nigra* connects to this **subcortical structure** and plays a role in motor control
basal ganglia
30
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
disease(s) associated to **degeneration of dopamine-producing cells** in the **substantia nigra**
Parkinson's
31
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
**subcortical structures** of the forebrain
| 5; **T**he **H**ippo **A**te **H**is **B**utt
- thalamus
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- hypothalamus
- basal ganglia
32
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
a group of **subcortical structures** in the forebrain that are involved in **processing and regulating emotion, memory, & learning**
limbic system
33
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the **stubcortical structure** that maintains the body's **homeostasis** and regulates functions critical to survival by **influencing the autonomic nervous systems & pituitary**
hypothalamus
34
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the following **hormone-related functions** are controlled by what area of the brain?
- blood pressure, heart rate, & respiration
- body temp
- thirst & hunger
- sleep-wake cycle
- sex drive
- stress response
- growth
hypothalamus
35
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the pituitary gland receives this **hormone** (1) from the hypothalamus and releases this hormone (2) to regulate the body's response to **stress**
1. corticotropic-releasing hormone (CRH)
2. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
36
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released from what area of the brain?
hypothalamus
37
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
in response to stress, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released by the ________ and triggers the release of cortisol
pituitary gland
38
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the release of **adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)** activates this area of the brain
adrenal cortex
39
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
glucocorticoids are released by this area of the brain
adrenal cortex
40
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced in the ______ pituitary gland.
anterior
41
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
glucocorticoid (steroid) hormone is also known as ________ and plays a role in regulating blood pressure, blood sugar, & the immune system?
* cortisol
42
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
Cushing & Addison's disease are associated with what hormone?
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
43
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
this **hormone** regulates water balance in the body by controlling the amount of water reabsorption in the kidneys
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / vasopressin
44
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
oxytocin is released by the ____________ pituitary gland
posterior
45
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
this **hormone** stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and lactation after childbirth
oxytocin
46
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced by the hypothalamus and is also known as?
vasopressin
47
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
vasopressin (aka ADH) is **stored in** this subcortical area of the brain
pituitary gland
48
Research indicates the following behaviors are associated with what **2 neuropeptides** (hormones)?
**- social bonding**
**- trust & cooperation**
- social recognition
- sexual behaviors
- social memory
- aggression
- psychosocial stress
oxytocin and vasopressin
49
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the **neuroendocrine system** that regulates the body's stress response and other sympathetic nervous system functions
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
50
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
elevated levels of this hormone inhibit the HPA axis and the sypmathetic nervous systems's stress response
oxytocin
51
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
Oxytocin has beneficial effects for people with what mental health issues
- disorders associated to deficits in recognizing emotions in facial expressions of other people
- autism
- schizophrenia
52
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
Research with adults on the effects of this hormone on recognition of emotions in facial expressions has produced inconsistent results
oxytocin
53
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) & somatostatin are **hormones** associated with growth and are regulated by what area of the brain?
hypothalamus
54
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
this **hormone** is critical for reproductive cycles and is produced by what area of the brain?
* gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
* hypothalamus
55
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) regulates these functions
testes and ovaries
56
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus synthesizes and releases these hormones, which are essential for reproduction
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH)
57
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
research shows that electrical stimulation of/damage to this brain area can elicit the following **emotions**:
* aggression
* rage
* crying
* laughter
hypothalamus
58
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
this **subcortical structure** is located in the hypothalamus and plays a role in memory and emotion
mammillary bodies
59
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
this **subcortical area** of the hypothalamus regulates the sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms
suprachiastmatic nucleus (SCN)
60
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
also known as the "relay station" of the brain
thalamus
61
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the following **functions** are associated with what area of the brain?
- coordinating sensory functioning
- language & speech
- declarative memory
thalamus
62
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the **subcortical structure** that receives and transmits sensory informtaion to the cortex
thalamus
63
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the thalamus plays a role in all senses except...
smell
64
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
this disease is caused by a thiamine deficiency associated with Alcohol Use Disorder and is associated with impaired memory
Korsakoff syndrome
65
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
Korsakoff syndrome is associated with damaged neurons in these **subcortical structures** of the brain
thalamus & mammillary bodies
66
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
confabulation, anterograde amnesia & retrograde amnesia are symptoms of what disorder?
## Footnote
thiamine deficiency
Korsakoff syndrome
67
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
term used to describe symptoms, including filling memory gaps, especially gaps in episodic memory, with false information that a person believes to be true
confabulation
68
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the basal ganglia includes these **subcortical structures** of the brain
## Footnote
**N**ana **P**ut the **C**at in the **G**arbage
- nucleus accumbens
- putamen
- caudate nucleus
- globus pallidus
69
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the caudate nucleus, putamen, nucleus accumbens, and cerebral cortext are collectively referred to as...
the striatum
70
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the globus pallidus transmits information to this **subcortical structure** of the brain, which then relays information to other brain areas
thalamus
71
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the following **functions** are associated with what subcortical nuclei in the brain?
- initiation & control of **voluntary movements**
- **procedural learning & habit formation**
- attention & decision making
- emotions
basal ganglia
72
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
**damage** to the basal ganglia is associated with these mental health disorders
| mental & physical disorders
- OCD
- Tourette's
- ADHD
- schizophrenia
- Huntington's & Parkinson's
73
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
this **subcortical structure** connects the basal ganglia and the limbic system and coordinates their activities
nucleus accumbens
74
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
this **area of the brain** consists of the amygdala, hippocampus, and the cingulate cortext and plays a role in emotion
limbic system
75
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the following functions are associated with what brain area?
**emotion**
* processing and regulating fear, anger, anxiety, joy, etc.
* recognizing fear and other emotions in facial expressions
**attaching emotions to memories**
amygdala
76
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the amygdala is important for the formation of **these type of memories**, which are vivid and enduring memories for surprising and shocking events
flashbulb
77
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
this **subcortical structure** also plays a part in the pain matrix, modulation, and **emotional responses** to pain, especially **anxiety & fear**
amygdala
78
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the pain matrix describes brain areas that are responsive to what?
noxious stimuli
79
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
**term** used to describe amplification and reduction of the sensation of pain
pain modulation
80
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
these brain areas have been linked to risk taking
- amygdala
- ventromedial prefrontal cortex
- insula
81
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
this **disorder** is associated with research on rhesus monkeys
Kluver-Bucy syndrom
82
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
damage/bilateral lesioning of the amygdala, hippocampus, and temporal lobes has been associated to these disorders
| mental & physical health disorders
- Kluver-Bucy syndrome
- anxiety disorders, including social anxiety disorder
- PTSD
- MDD
- autism
- SUDs
83
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
depression is associated with reduced volume of this brain area
anterior cingulate cortex
84
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
improvements in depressive symptoms following participation in CBT are associated with increases in the volume of this brain area
anterior cingulate cortex
85
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the following **functions** are associated with what area of the brain?
- emotional and sensory aspects of **pain**
- motivation
- memory
cingulate cortex
86
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
people with **damage** to this area of the brain experience **pain** but are not emotionally distressed by it
cingulate cortex
87
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
What mental health disorder has been linked to abnormalities in the following brain areas:
- **anterior cingulate cortex**
- prefrontal cortex
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- thalamus
- insula
major depressive disorder
88
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
memory is the **main function** of what area of the brain?
hippocampus
89
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the **transfer** of declarative & spatial memories is associated with what area of the brain?
hippocampus
90
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
the **degeneration of cells** in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (adjacent to hippocampus) is associated with this **disease**
Alzheimer's
91
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
Cushing's syndrome is associated to increased levels of this hormone
cortisol
92
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
Acute or chronic increases in cortisol levels in the hippocampus impairs the retrieval of this type of memories
declarative
93
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
hippocampal damage or abnormalities are associated with these **mental health disorders**
- PTSD
- MDD
- bipolar
- schizophrenia
94
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
extreme traumatic stress and more severe symptoms of PTSD have been associated with a (smaller or larger) hippocampus
smaller
95
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
some research suggest that exposure to traumatic stress can reduce the size of this **subcortical structure**, while others suggest reduced volume is a risk factor for developing PTSD after exposure to traumatic stress
hippocampus
96
# **Brain Regions & Functions**
The hippocampus is part of the ____ but is involved more in ____ and ____ than in emotion.
Impaired short-term memory associated with what disease related to a loss of cells in the hippocampus.
* limbic system
* learning & memory
* Alzheimer's
