Neurological and Endocrine Disorders Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
A type of ischemic stroke that occurs when a blood clot forms in an artery that supplies blood to the brain
A
thrombotic stroke
2
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
Idris is in a serious car accident that causes a traumatic brain injury. After regaining consciousness in the hospital, Idris has anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia that affects memories for the ten months prior to the accident. When Idris’s long-term memories begin to return, he’s most likely to recall which types of memories first?
A
longer-term memories
3
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
Migraine headaches have been linked to abnormal levels of:
A
serotonin
4
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
Which is not a characteristic of hypothyroidism?
a) decreased libido
b) heat intolerance
c) confusion
d) unexplained weight gain
A
b) heat intolerance
5
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
A client with __________ tells her therapist that, since her traumatic brain injury, she has had trouble disciplining her children because, when she tells them she’s angry about what they’ve done, she doesn’t sound angry and, as a result, they don’t listen to her. As the client describes the problems she has with her children, she speaks in a monotone.
A
aprosodia
6
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
an MRI-based technique that is used to detect abnormalities in the brain’s white matter by measuring the spreading of water molecules in the tissues
A
diffusion tensor imaging
7
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
a type of seizure that causes a very brief loss of consciousness, often without being noticed, typically lasting 10-20 seocnds and characterized by a blank stare
A
generalized onset non-motor
8
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
levodopa is most effective for which symptom(s) of Parkinson’s?
A
bradykinesia
9
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
Parkinson’s disease has been linked to a degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in which area of the brain
A
substantia nigra
10
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
medical term for a stroke that is caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain that causes brain cells to die / a loss in neurological functioning.
A
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
11
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
all of the following are risk factors for stroke except (and which is the largest risk factor?)
a) obesity
b) agranulocytosis
c) hypertension
d) male gender
e) AA race
A
b) agranulocytosis
c) hypertension
other risk factors: heart disease, diabetes, cigarette smoking, older age, family hx of stroke, heavy alcohol consumption
12
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
what are the 2 main types of stroke and what causes each of them
A
1) ischemic stroke: caused by a blood clot blocking blood flow
2) hemorrhagic stroke: caused by bleeding in the brain (these are further categorized by where the bleeding occurs)
13
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
this is most common type of stroke, which is caused by a blood clot blocking an atery in the brain
A
ischemic
14
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
this is a less common type of stroke caused by bleeding in the brain
A
hemorrhagic
15
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
this type of stroke is caused by a blood clot in a cerebral artery that supplies blood to the brain
A
thrombotic stroke
16
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
this type of stroke is caused by blockage in a cerebral artery due to a blood clot developing in the heart or elsewhere in the body and then traveling through the bloodstream to the brain
A
embolic stroke
17
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
this type of stroke is also known as a “mini-stroke,” is caused by temporary blockage of bloodflow to the brain, and is usually a warning sign that a more severe stoke may occur in the future
A
transient ischemic stroke (TIA)
18
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
this type of stroke is due to bleeding in the brain and occurs when there is a rupture in a cerebral artery within the brain or in the space between the brain and the membrane that covers the brain
A
hemorrhagic stroke
19
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
this type of hemorrhage occurs a cerebral artery ruptures in the brain and bleeds into the brain tissue
A
intracerebral hemorrage
20
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
this type of hemorrhage occurs in the space between the brain and the membrane that covers the brain
A
subarachnoid hemorrhage
21
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
symptoms of a stroke depend on which ____ is involved.
A
artery
22
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
this artery is the largest branch of the internal carotid artery, supplies a large area of the brain, and is the most commonly affected artery in a stroke
A
middle cerebral artery
23
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
a stroke involving the middle cerebral artery would damage what area of the brain & result in these symptoms
A
- frontal, parietal, & temporal lobes
-
symptoms
aphasia (speech difficulties; due to damage in the dominant hemisphere)
contralateral neglect (neglecting one side of visual field; non-dominant hemisphere affected)
other sxs: facial weakness, arm paralysis, & sensory loss
24
Q
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
a stroke involving the posterior cerebral artery would result in these symptoms…
A
- headache
- nausea & vomiting
- memory loss
- speech difficulties (Dysarthria)
- ataxia
25
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
A stroke involving the **anterior cerebral artery** would result in these symptoms...
* executive dysfunction (e.g., impaired insight & judgment)
* mutism
* urinary incontinence
* confusion
26
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
these types of TBIs depend on the injury's location and severity, while these types of TBIs usually cause more widespread damage
open; closed
27
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
this type of head injury may produce a loss of consciousness; and, when individuals regain consciousness, they usually experience a variety of mental (e.g., emotional, cognitive, & behavioral) & physical symptoms
TBI
28
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
cognitive symptoms of a TBI may include what symptoms associated with memory problems
anterograde & retrograde amnesia
29
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
the duration of cognitive symptoms after TBI is a good predictor of what
recovery
30
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
when retrograde amnesia occurs after a TBI, which memories are affected more? when lost memories begin to return, those from the most ____ past are recovered first
recent long-term; distant
31
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
physical symptoms of a TBI include all of the following except:
a) nausea and vomiting
b) headaches
c) strokes
d) seizures
c) strokes
## Footnote
physical sxs also include: fatigue, loss of consciousness, pupil dilation, weakness or numbness in limbs, & difficulty w/ balance & coordination
32
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
which of the following is the term for a neurological condition that affects the ability to express or understand prosody (i.e., variations in the rhythm, pitch, timing, & loudness of speech that are used to convey emotional info)
a) ataxia
b) aprosodia
c) anasognosia
d) asomatognosia
b) aprosodia (the inability to produce or comprehend affective components of language)
33
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
post-traumatic seizues can occur within what timeframe following a TBI and can often be successfully treated with anti-seizure meds
1 week
34
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
this symptom of a TBI can occur more than 1 week after and is typically harder to treat
post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE)
35
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
the following are alternative treatments used when medication is ineffective to treat this neurological disorder
a) vagus nerve stimulation
b) responsiveness neurostimulation (RNS)
c) surgery
post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE)
36
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
some evidence suggests that seizures following TBI are linked to atrophy in what brain areas
temporal lobe & hippocampus
37
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
describe the typical prognosis for a TBI
| at 3 months, 1 year, lifetime
* most recover **within first 3 months** with substantial improvement during the 1st year
* many people **continue to have symptoms indefinitely**, especially with moderate to severe injury
38
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
this disease is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder that is mostly inherited and involves a general lack of coordination & an unsteady gait
Huntington's
39
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
this autosomal dominant gene on chromosome 4 is responsible for Huntington's disease
huntington (HTT) gene
40
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
Offspring of a 1 person with the huntington (HTT) gene have a ____% chance of inheriting Huntington's, while offspring of 2 people with this gene have a ____% change of inheriting Huntington's
50%; 75%
41
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
Huntington's is primarily associated with **neurodegeneration in these brain areas**
basal ganglia (specifically the striatum)
42
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
neuroimaging studies of Huntington's have found that atrophy in **these 2 brain areas** is apparent years before the onset of symptoms
caudate nucleus & putamen
43
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
Huntington's is associated with abnormal levels of this neurotransmitter
dopamine
## Footnote
also, GABA & glutamate
44
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
symptoms of Huntington's most often appear between these ages and life expectancy is usually this many years after onset of symptoms
* 30 to 50 years
* 10 to 30 years
45
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
progression of Huntington's disease varies, but typically these symptoms precede cognitive & motor symptoms. List these symptoms.
affective
* emotional changes: irritability, depression, aggression
46
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
typical progression of symptoms with Huntington's suggests that these symptoms are not just a reaction to the distress but instead **a manifestation of** what
underlying pathological changes
47
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
what primary motor symptom is associated with onset of Huntington's? Symptoms associated with later stages and criteria for mild or major neurocognitive disorder?
| three C's
Chorea (involuntary, jerky movements)
## Footnote
other symptoms:
Cognitive decline (memory problems, difficulty concentrating)
Changes in mood/behavior (irritability, depression, aggression)
48
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
treatment goals for Huntington's
* no cure
* relieve symptoms & improve quality of life
49
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
this disease is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder that produces **prominent motor symptoms** and is the result of a combination of **genetic & environmental** factors
Parkinson's
50
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
neurotransmitters & low/high levels of each associated with Parkinson's
## Footnote
D.A.N.G.
**low levels**
* dopamine
* acetylcholine
* norepinephrine deficiency
**high levels**
* glutamate
51
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
the motor symptoms involved in Parkinson's are associated with these 2 brain areas
- substantia nigra
- basal ganglia
52
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
low levels of acetylcholine are associated with these symptoms of Parkinson's
* impairments in gait & balance (physical)
* cognitive decline (cognitive)
53
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
depression & anxiety, sleep disturbances, and other non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's is associated with **low levels of this neurotransmitter**
norepinephrine
54
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
this gene is associated with increased risk for neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, & Lewy bodies
ApoE gene
55
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
4 types of motor symptoms of Parkinson's
| T.R.A.P.
**T**remor (when muscles are at rest that begins in hands & includes "pill-rolling")
**R**igidity in the face, limbs, & trunk (mask-like facial expression)
**A**kinesia (slowed voluntary movement [bradykinesia]
**P**ostural instability (dificulty maintaining balance, increased risk of falls
56
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
Up to ____% of people experience depression at some time during the Parkinson's, with depressive symptoms preceding motor symptoms in about ____% of cases
50%; 20%
57
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
Parkinson's treatment & prognosis
* no cure
* temporarily alleviate symptoms with meds that **increase dopamine levels**
58
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
first-line medication for Parkinson's and how med works
Levodopa
* **converted to dopamine** in the brain
* most effective for "T.R.A." - reducing tremor, rigidity in muscles, and bradykinesia
59
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
alternative medications, med effects, & advantages for Parkinson's when Levodopa isn't effective
* **dopamine agonists:** mimick dopamine at receptor sites
* may delay progression & have fewer long-term side effects than levodopa (especially dyskinesias)
60
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
what other conditions are treated by dopamine agonists (aside from treating motor symptoms of Parkinson's)
* restless leg syndrome
* neuroleptic malignant syndrome
61
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
treatment (not meds) for Parkinson's when Levodopa and other dopamine agonist meds are not effective or are impairing quality of life
deep brain stimulation
62
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
define & describe **deep brain stimulation (DBS)**
* a surgical treatment used to reduce motor symptoms of neurological disorders
* involves implanting electrodes in brain areas responsible for motor sxs & a pulse generator under the chest skin & sending electrical impulses to brain areas to alter brain activity
63
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
what other conditions are treated by deep brain stimulation (DBS; aside from motor symptoms of Parkinson's)
* essential tremor
* dystonia (neuro disorder causing involuntary muscle contractions)
* treatment-resistant epilepsy
* treatment-resistant OCD
64
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
list the 2 types of seizures
1) focal onset
2) generalized onset
65
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
characteristics of focal onset seizures
| **NOT** symptoms
localized / ***focused*** in 1 area of the brain & affect 1 side of the body
66
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
a type of seizure (also known as simple partial seizures) in which symptoms depend on location in the brain and **consciousness in not affected**
**focal onset aware** seizure
67
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
a type of seizure (also known as complex partial seizures) that **does affect consciousness** and may begin with an aura
**focal onset impaired awareness** seizure
68
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
the **most common** type of focal onset impaired awareness seizures occur in this brain area, are categorized by **sensory disturbances**, & may begin with an aura, strange taste or odor, sudden intense emotion (e.g., fear), jamais vu (unfamiliarity) or deja vu
temporal lobe
69
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
characteristic symptoms of temporal lobe seizures
* impaired awareness
* aura
* staring; dilated pupils
* **autonomic sxs:** lip smacking, repeated chewing or swallowing, fidgeting, picking at clothing
* speech difficulties
70
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
**causes** and **triggers** of temporal lobe seizures
**causes**
* **brain trauma:** TBI, infections, tumors CVAs
* **genetics:** hereditary & mutations
**triggers**
* psychological stress
* mentruation
* alchohol
* diet (high caffeine & sugar)
71
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
focal onset impaired awareness seizures that occur in this brain area are the **second-most common** type of focal onset impaired awareness seizure, symptoms are categorized as **complex motor behaviors** and often occur during sleep, lasting less than 30 seconds. List common symptoms.
* frontal lobe
**symptoms**
* **movement:** repetitive, rocking, pedaling
* **behavior:** explosive screams, laughter, speech difficulties
* **other:** urinary incontinence & personality changes
72
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
focal onset impaired awareness seizures that occur in this brain area involve **sensosry disturbances in the limbs**, such as tingling, numbness, and pain and distortions in body image (e.g., feeling that a body part is enlarged, shrunken, or absent ***or*** feeling like you're floating)
parietal lobe
73
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
focal onset impaired awareness seizures that occur in this brain area are characterized by **visual hallucinations**, rapid eye blinking, eyelid flutter, and involuntary eye movements; flashing or stationary bright lights, multi-colored circular patterns, as well as partial blindness, impaired visual acuity, or other visual impairment
occipital lobe
74
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
this type of seizure affects the whole brain (e.g., both hemispheres)
generalized onset
75
list the 2 types of **generalized onset** seizures
1) generalized onset MOTOR seizures
2) generalized onset NON-MOTOR seizures
76
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
generalized onset motor seizures are also known as these 2 terms
tonic-clonic seizures & grand mal
77
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
these types of **generalized onset seizures** cause a change in consciousness and include a **tonic and clonic phase**
generalized onset **motor** seizures
78
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
list & describe the different phases of **generalized onset motor seizures**
## Footnote
**T.C.**A.**M.**
**T**onic: stiffening muscles
**C**lonic: jerking movements
**M**yoclonic: suddent muscle jerks
## Footnote
**A**bsense: staring spells
79
after consciousness is regained following a generalized onset motor seizure, the person may experience what feel... and may have no memory for the events that occurred ____ the seizure.
* depressed, confused, and/or fatigued
* during
80
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
these types of generalized onset non-motor seizures are also known as petit mal seizures and involve a very brief loss of consciousness with a blank stare that may be accompanied by rapid blinking
## Footnote
T.C.**A.**M.
**A**bsense: staring spells w/ brief loss of awareness
81
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
a single, continuous seizure (e.g., 5 minutes or more) or multiple recurrent seizures without a return to consciousness / enough time to recover between them
status epilepticus (SE)
82
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
list & describe the 2 main types of status epilepticus (SE)
* **convulsive:** most common type, characterized by physical convulsions, limb jerking & stiffening, & altered awareness
* **nonconvulsive:** not physically obvious, characterized by altered awareness, minor muscle movements (e.g., small twitches or slow, repetitive motions
83
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
possible causes of status epilepticus (SE)?
* **brain trauma:** TBIs, infection, CVAs
* **drug** toxicity
* **autoimmune** disorders
* **non-compliance** w/ seizure meds
84
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
first-line treatment for status epilepticus (SE)? second-line meds when first-line meds aren't effective?
1) Benzos
2) anti-seizure meds
85
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
list the 2 types of migraine headaches and typical triggers
**types**
1) with aura (classic migraine)
2) without aura (common migraine)
**triggers**
* emotional stress or relaxation after stress
* abrupt weather changes
* alcohol
* certain foods
* missing a meal
86
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
intensity associated with migraine headaches may be worsened by what 2 routine physical activities
bending forward & walking
87
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
migraine headaches have been linked to low levels of this neurotransmitter
serotonin
88
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
the following are common treatments for what neurological disorder: NSAIDs, ergot alkaloids, SSRIs, SSRI agonists, beta blockers, and/or a combination of thermal biofeedback and autogenic training
migraine headaches
89
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
list & describe the 2 types of hypertension
1) **primary hypertension:** (aka the "silent killer") no clear cause, often asymptomatic
2) **secondary hypertension:** caused by another underlying medical condition
90
primary hypertension, accounts for up to ____% of all cases.
90%
91
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
this type of hypertension is diagnosed when high blood pressure is due to a known disease. This disease is a known cause of this type of hypertension
secondary; Cushing's syndrome
92
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
list common risk factors for primary hypertension
* Gender: male
* Race: African American
* Age: over 65+ years old
* Lifestyle: obesity, high stress, tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, excessive salt intake
* Family Hx: of hypertension
* Co-existing diseases: diabetes
93
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
common forms of treatment for hypertension
* lifestyle changes
* biofeedback & relaxation training
* a duiretic
* a beta blocker
* an ACE inhibitor
* other blood pressure meds
94
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
most common endocrine disorders affect this gland
**thyroid** gland
95
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
this disorder is caused by hypersecretion of thyroid hormones. List the most common symptoms
**hyperthyroidism**
* **heart issues:** irregular or rapid heart rate, high blood pressure
* **weight loss:** unintentional weight loss despite *an increased appetite*
* **increased body temp:** heat intolerance, sweating more than normal
* **executive dysfunction:** difficulty concentrating, emotional lability, reduced attention span
96
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
hypothyroidism is caused by too little production of thyroid hormones. List the most common symptoms
* **heart issues:** decreased heart rate, low blood pressure
* **weight gain:** unintentional weight gain despite decreased appetite
* **body temp:** lowered body tem & cold intolerance *(main difference from **hyper**thyroidism)*
* **mental health issues:** depression, impaired concentration, impaired memory, confusion
* **other physical changes:** dry skin, brittle nails, coarse hair, puffy face
* **other:** fatigue & reduced libido
97
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
a low level of ADH due to a tumor, infection, stroke, pituitary surgery, or other factors can **cause this disease**
diabetes insipidus
98
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
symptoms of **diabetes insipidus**
* frequent & excessive urination
* extreme thirst & dehydration
* constipation
* weight loss
* low blood pressure
99
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
the term used when diabetes insipidus is caused by a failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH (i.e., vassopressin)
**nephrogenic** diabetes insipidus
100
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
this **bodily organ** maintains the body’s blood glucose balance by controlling the release of insulin and other hormones
pancreas
101
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
this physical illness is the result of an **overactive pancreas** & potentially due to a **tumor**
**hypoglycemia** due to blood glucose levels **decreasing**
102
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
symptoms of severe hypoglycemia
* confusion
* seizures
* loss of consciousness
* coma
103
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
common causes of hypoglycemia
* too much diabetes medication
* not eating enough
* vigorous exercise
* critical illness / organ failure
* an insulin-producing tumor in the pancreas
104
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
the disease is caused by **increased blood glucose levels** (often due to the pancreas releasing too little insulin ***or*** the body being unable to use the insulin the pancreas produces)
diabetes mellitus
105
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
this type of diabetes is an autoimmune disease that destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. common causes include a genetic predisposition ***and/or*** a viral infection
type 1 diabetes
106
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
this type of diabestes is more common & occurs when the pancreas produces an **insufficient amount of insulin** or the body is unable to use the insulin produced by the pancreas.
type 2 diabetes
107
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
risk factors for Type 2 diabetes include the following...
* genetic predisposition
* obesity
* sedentary lifestyle
* over 45 years old
* Native American, Afrian American, or Hispanic/Latino American
108
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
symptoms of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
* extreme thirst and hunger
* frequent urination
* unexplained weight loss
* fatigue
* blurred vision
* tingling & numbness in hands or feet
* frequent infections
109
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
list the 2 types of **neurological diagnostic tests**
1) Electroencephalography (EEG)
2) neuroimaging techniques
110
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
this **type of neurological diagnostic test** uses small electrodes placed on the scalp to measure the electrical impulses used by groups of neurons to communicate with each other
EEG
111
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
list the typical uses of an EEG
* quickly **identifying changes** in brain activity
* diagnose **seizure** disorders, brain **injuries**, and **sleep disorders**
* confirming **brain death**
112
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
list the 2 types of **neuroimaging techniques**
1) structural techniques
2) functional techniques
113
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
list the 3 **structural** neuroimaging techniques
- CT
- MRI
- DTI
114
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
list the 5 types of illnesses diagnosed by **structural neuroimaging** techniques
- TBIs
- strokes
- tumors
- degenerative disease
- infections
115
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
CT and MRI primarily are primarily used to identify...
abnormalities in **the density** of brain tissue
116
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
list the advantages and disadvantages of CT
**advantages:**
- scanners are usually available in hospital ERs
- lower cost
- quicker images
**Disadvantages:**
- exposure to ionizing radiation (x-rays)
117
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
list the advantages and disadvantages of MRI
**Advantages:**
- more detailed, **3-D images**
- can detect microhemorrhages, contusions (**bruises** on brain), and gliosis (**scarring**)
**Disadvantages:**
- requires ppl to remain **motionless** for a long period of time
- overly **loud**; requires use of earplugs or headphones
118
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
this is technique is type of MRI-based neuroimaging used to assess the structural integrity of white matter tracts (myelinated axons) that connect different regions of the brain & identify abnormalities in the rate and direction of the movement (diffusion) of water molecules along the axons
## Footnote
this would be used to diagnosis & monitor the progression of MS
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
119
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
functional techniques assess... by measuring...
* **glucose & oxygen** consumption
* regional cerebral **blood flow** (rCBF) & **blood volume**
120
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
list the 3 types of **functional neuroimaging** techniques
- positron emission tomography (PET)
- single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
- functional MRI (fMRI)
121
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
which 2 types of functional neuroimaging techniques use radioactive tracers (radiotracers) that are injected into the bloodstream to measure brain activity
PET & SPECT
122
this type of functional neuroimagining technique uses magnetic fields and radio waves
fMRI
123
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
neuroimaging techniques are not sufficiently accurate to diagnose this disease
neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s
124
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
Of the structural techniques, this type is usually preferred to CT because it provides an accurate **three-dimensional measure** of the volume of brain structures
MRI
125
# **Neurological & Endocrine Disorders**
Of the functional techniques, **fluorodeoxyglucose PET (FDG-PET)** assesses glucose metabolism and is useful for distinguishing between these diseases
Alzheimer's, fronotemporal & other types of neurocognitive disorders
