Brain Regions/Functions – Cerebral Cortex

Question 1

this is the outer layer of the brain and is divided into the right and left hemispheres with each hemisphere containing four lobes – frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital

Answer 1

cerebral cortex

Question 2

Cerebral Cortex

these subcortical structures make-up the frontal lobe

Answer 2

• Broca’s area
• prefrontal cortex
• primary motor cortex

Question 3

Cerebral Cortex

this subcortical structure is located in the dominant (usually left) frontal lobe and is known as a major language area of the brain

Answer 3

Broca’s Area

Question 4

Cerebral Cortex

damage to Broca’s area can result in this type of aphasia

Answer 4

expressive or non-fluent aphasia

Question 5

Cerebral Cortex

symptoms of Broca’s aphasia

Answer 5

• slow labored speech consisting primarily of 1-2 words typically nouns and verbs
• impaired repetition
• anomia (inability to recall the names of familiar objects)

*comprehension of written & spoken language is relatively intact

Question 6

Cerebral Cortex

difference between Broca’s vs. Wernicke’s aphasia?

Answer 6

• Broca’s aphasia: intact comprehension, impaired speech
• Wernicke’s aphasia: intact speech, but does not make sense because of impaired comprehension (“word salad”)

Question 7

Cerebral Cortex

the bundle of nerve fibers connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

Answer 7

arcuate fasciculus

Question 8

Cerebral Cortex

a rare type of aphasia resulting from damage to the arcuate fasciculus and affects both expression and comprehension

Answer 8

conduction aphasia

Question 9

Cerebral Cortex

the following are essential roles of what area of the brain?

• executive functions
• higher-order cognitive processes
  - planning
  - decision-making
• memory (working & prospective)
• regulation of emotions
• expression of personality
• social judgment
• self-monitoring

Answer 9

prefrontal cortex (PFC)

Question 10

Brain Regions & Functions

an aspect of short-term memory involved in processing & manipulating information

Answer 10

working memory

Question 11

Brain Regions & Functions

this type of memories is associated with the ability to remember to carry out a planned action in the future

Answer 11

prospective memory

Question 12

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

the 4 major areas of the prefrontal cortex (PFC)

Answer 12

• dorsolateral PFC
• ventrolateral PFC
• ventromedial PFC
• orbitofrontal PFC

Question 13

Brain Regions & Functions

function associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)

Answer 13

executive functions

Question 14

Brain Regions & Functions

match the description with the correct brain area:

A) damage to this area of the brain primarily effects cognitive functioning, goal-directed behavior, concrete thinking, working memory, & judgment and can cause perseveration, disinterest, & apathy

B) damage to this area of the brain is associated with impaired emotion regulation, impulse control, & socioemotional behavior/control

C) damage to this area of the brain causes impaired facial emotion recognition, inappropriate emotional responses, poor social & moral judgment, lack of insight, & confabulation

D) damage to this area of the brain causes impulsive behavior, poor decision making, aggression, abusive behaviors, social inappropriateness, immature behavior, inappropriate disclosure of information, emotion dysregualtion, & lack of empathy

Answer 14

A) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DPFC)
B) ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)
C) ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)
D) orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

Question 15

Brain Regions & Functions

abnormalities in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) are known to contribute to these mental health disorders

Answer 15

• MDD
• GAD
• OCD
• Schizophrenia

Question 16

Brain Regions & Functions

this area of the brain is associated with emotion regulation, decision-making, motor inhibition, memory, & goal-directed behavior

Answer 16

ventrolateral PFC

Question 17

Brain Regions & Functions

abnormalities in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) are known to contribute to these mental health disorders

Answer 17

• social anxiety
• generalized anxiety

Question 18

Brain Regions & Functions

this area of the brain is associated with social judgment, moral reasoning, emotion regulation, memory, & decision-making

Answer 18

ventromedial PFC

Question 19

abnormalities in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) are known to contribute to these mental health disorders

Answer 19

• MDD
• OCD
• GAD
• PTSD
• schizophrenia

Question 20

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

this area of the brain is associated with response inhibition, reward processing, impulse control, social behaviors, & emotion regulation

Answer 20

orbitofrontal PFC

Question 21

Brain Regions & Functions

abnormalities in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) are known to contribute to these mental health disorders

Answer 21

• MDD
• bipolar
• OCD
• PTSD
• schizophrenia
• SUDs

Question 22

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

The temporal lobe contains what areas of the brain?

Answer 22

• auditory cortex
• Wernicke’s area

Question 23

The ____ is involved in processing sound

Answer 23

auditory cortex

Question 24

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

damage to this area of the brain can produce the following:

• auditory agnosia
• auditory hallucinations
• cortical deafness

Answer 24

auditory cortex

Question 25

What is Wernicke's area and where is it located?

Answer 25

**major language area** in the dominant (usually left) hemisphere.

Question 26

# **Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex** What is Wernicke's aphasia also known as?

Answer 26

**receptive and/or fluent** aphasia

Question 27

# **Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex** What issues are associated with Wernicke's aphasia?

Answer 27

- **fluent speech** with a normal rate and intonation - content lacks coherence and meaning (**"word salad"**) - **impaired comprehension** of written and spoken language - **impaired repetition** - impaired word access (**anomia**)

Question 28

# **Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex** term used to described **damage to the arcuate fasciculus**?

Answer 28

conduction aphasia

Question 29

# **Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex** this term refers to difficulty repeating words (many errors) but speech & comprehension are intact impaired word access (**anomia**) | arcuate fasciculus

Answer 29

conduction aphasia

Question 30

# **Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex** **parietal lobe** contains what areas of the brain

Answer 30

the somatosensory cortex

Question 31

# **Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex** The following are the main functions of the what area of the cerebral cortex? * touch * pressure * temperature * pain * body position

Answer 31

somatosensory cortex

Question 32

# **Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex** this is associaated with damage to the somatosensory cortex

Answer 32

somatosensory **agnosias**

Question 33

# **Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex** term used to refer to the **inability to recognize objects by touch**

Answer 33

**tactile** agnosia

Question 34

# **Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex** term used to described a **lack of interest or recognition of one or more parts of one's own body**

Answer 34

asomatognosia

Question 35

# **Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex** term used to described **denial of one's illness**

Answer 35

anosognosia

Question 36

**damage to the somatosensory cortex** can produce one or more types of ____ or the inability to perform purposeful, skilled movements that is not due to motor, sensory, or language impairment.

Answer 36

apraxia

Question 37

# **Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex** list 3 types of **apraxia**

Answer 37

* limb-kinetic * ideational * ideomotor

Question 38

# **Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex** a type of apraxia involves an **inability to make precise, coordinated movements using a finger, arm, or leg**

Answer 38

limb-kinetic

Question 39

# **Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex** this type of apraxia involves an **inability to imitate a motor activity or perform motor activity** in response to a verbal request

Answer 39

ideomotor

Question 40

# **Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex** a type of apraxia involves an **inability to plan or execute a task that requires a sequence of actions**

Answer 40

ideational

Question 41

# **Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex** this syndrome is associated to **damage to the somatosensory cortex**

Answer 41

Gerstmann Syndrome

Question 42

# **Cerebral Cortex** term used to describe **inability to pay attention to one side of visual field or body** typically caused by damage to right (non-dominant) parietal lobe

Answer 42

contralateral neglect

Question 43

# **Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex** illness caused by **damage to the left** (dominant) **parietal lobe** and involves the following symptoms: * right-left disorientation * inability to identify one's own fingers (finger agnosia) * a loss of writing skills (agraphia) * a loss of arithmetic skills (acalculia).

Answer 43

Gerstmann syndrome

Question 44

# **Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex** the **occiptal lobe** contains what area of the brain

Answer 44

visual cortex

Question 45

# **Cerebral Cortex** damage to this area of the brain is associated with the following: * visual agnosia * visual hallucinations * achromatopsia * cortical blindness

Answer 45

visual cortex

Question 46

# **Cerebral Cortex** this disorder occurs when the **primary visual cortex is damaged** while the **eyes and optic nerves are intact**

Answer 46

color blindness

Question 47

# **Cerebral Cortex** damage to the visual cortex in the left hemisphere causes what and on which side of the body

Answer 47

blindness; right side

Question 48

# **Cerebral Cortex** term to describe **not consciously seeing a visual stimulus but having an appropriate physiological & behavioral response**

Answer 48

cortical blindness

Question 49

# **Cerebral Cortex** a type of blindsight that involves **responding appropriately** to a visual emotional stimulus **without consciously seeing the stimulus** | emotional reflex

Answer 49

affective

Question 50

# **Cerebral Cortex** term used to describe the **inability to recognize faces**, including one's own face and/or faces of pets typically caused by bilateral lesions in the occipitotemporal junction

Answer 50

prosopagnosia

Question 51

# **Cerebral Cortex** ____% of right-handed people and ____% of left-handed people **have a dominant left hemisphere**

Answer 51

95%; 50 to 70%

Question 52

# **Cerebral Cortex** a **dominant left hemisphere** is associated with these functions

Answer 52

- **written and spoken** language - **logical and analytical** thinking - **positive emotions**

Question 53

# **Cerebral Cortex** a **non-dominant right hemisphere** is associated with these functions

Answer 53

- visual-spatial processing - creativity - emotional nuances of language - holistic thinking

Question 54

# **Cerebral Cortex** The (left/right) hemisphere is associated with **general language functions**, but the (left/right) hemisphere is essential for **emotional prosody** & **pragmatics**

Answer 54

left; right

Question 55

# **Cerebral Cortex** research suggests that the (right/left) hemisphere is involved in** identifying the basic sounds of language** (phonemes) by infants learning their native language and adults learning a second language

Answer 55

right

Question 56

# **Cerebral Cortex** odors that enter the left nostril are **transmitted directly to** the (right/left) hemisphere

Answer 56

left

Question 57

# **Cerebral Cortex** this area of the brain is the **main bundle of nerve fibers** that allows the two hemispheres to share information with each other

Answer 57

corpus callosum

Question 58

# **Cerebral Cortex** a commonly used method used in research on brain lateralization and involves **presenting two different words simultaneously with one word being presented to the right ear and the other wordto the left ear**

Answer 58

dichotic listening task

Question 59

# **Cerebral Cortex** speech lateralization research using a dichotic listening task has confirmed that language is lateralized to **which hemisphere** for most right-handed people?

Answer 59

left