Memory and Sleep

Question 1

Memory & Sleep

long-term potentiation has been linked to…

Answer 1

formation of new memories

Question 2

Memory & Sleep

the primary difficulty experienced by the patient known as “H.M.” was related to forming what type of memories

Answer 2

new long-term declarative memories

Question 3

Memory & Sleep

sleep spindles and K complexes are markers of what stage of sleep

Answer 3

Stage 2

Question 4

Memory & Sleep

older (versus younger) adults often experience this type of sleep disturbance

Answer 4

advanced sleep phase

Question 5

Memory & Sleep

most dreams occur during what type/stage of sleep when they are typically more vivid

Answer 5

REM

Question 6

Memory & Sleep

deficits in source memory and item memory are most likely to be the result of lesions in this area of the brain

Answer 6

prefrontal cortex

Question 7

Memory & Sleep

these 2 areas of the brain are most responsible for implicit memories

Answer 7

basal ganglia & cerebellum

Question 8

Memory & Sleep

list the 6 brain areas that are known to be essential for memory

Answer 8

• hippocampus
• basal ganglia
• cerebellum
• amygdala
• prefrontal cortex
• thalamus

Question 9

Memory & Sleep

this brain area is responsible for consolidation of long-term declarative & spatial memories

H.M.

Answer 9

hippocampus

Question 10

Memory & Sleep

list the 2 brain areas associated with procedural & implicit memories

Answer 10

basal ganglia & cerebellum

Question 11

Memory & Sleep

damage to these areas of the brain may cause a) trouble learning skills and b) trouble performing previously learned skills

Answer 11

basal ganglia & cerebellum

Question 12

Memory & Sleep

damage to this area of the brain may cause a person to have the same level of recall for emotional & nonemotional experiences because emotions have not been attached to memories

Answer 12

amygdala

Question 13

Memory & Sleep

this brain area plays a role in attaching emotion to memories

Answer 13

amygdala

Question 14

Memory & Sleep

working, prospective, item, & source memory are associated with what brain area

Answer 14

prefrontal cortex

Question 15

Memory & Sleep

this is a type of episodic memory for what happened in the past

Answer 15

item memory

Question 16

Memory & Sleep

this is a type of episodic memory for when and where something happened in the past

Answer 16

source memory

Question 17

Memory & Sleep

this brain area plays a role in memory processing

Answer 17

thalamus

Question 18

Memory & Sleep

damage to this brain area may cause anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Answer 18

thalamus

Question 19

Memory & Sleep

Sea slug research found that the short-term storage of information involved an increase in the release of this neurotransmitter, while long-term storage involved the development of new synapses and changes in the structure of existing neurons.

Answer 19

serotonin

Question 20

Memory & Sleep

Researchers have found that changes in synapses associated with the formation of long-term memories depends on the synthesis of this type of protein that is necessary for protein synthesis.

Answer 20

RNA

Question 21

Memory & Sleep

these theories of sleep assumes the purpose of sleep is to repair damage that occurs during wakefulness

Answer 21

recovery/restoration theories

Question 22

Memory & Sleep

these theories of sleep assume sleep is related to the need to adapt to environmental threats by, for example, conserving energy

Answer 22

adaptive/evolutionary theories

Question 23

Memory & Sleep

stage 1 of sleep is associated with what type of brainwaves

Bats Drink Blood

Answer 23

beta, alpha, & theta waves

Question 24

Memory & Sleep

the sleep sequence of a 3-month old newborn changes how?

Answer 24

thesequence **reverses **

Question 25

# **Memory & Sleep** stage 2 of sleep is associated with what type of brainwaves ## Footnote **Bats Drink Blood**

Answer 25

sleep spindles & K-complexes

Question 26

# **Memory & Sleep** stage 3 of sleep is associated with what type of brainwaves ## Footnote **Bats Drink Blood**

Answer 26

delta waves

Question 27

# **Memory & Sleep** stage 4 of sleep is associated with what type of brainwaves ## Footnote **Bats Drink Blood**

Answer 27

delta waves

Question 28

# **Memory & Sleep** stage 5 of sleep is associated with what type of brainwaves ## Footnote **Bats Drink Blood**

Answer 28

beta waves

Question 29

# **Memory & Sleep** list the characteristics associated with stage 1 of sleep

Answer 29

awake and relaxed or drowsy

Question 30

# **Memory & Sleep** list the characteristics associated with stage 2 of sleep

Answer 30

light sleep

Question 31

# **Memory & Sleep** list the characteristics associated with stage 3 of sleep

Answer 31

deep sleep; difficult to awaken

Question 32

# **Memory & Sleep** list the characteristics associated with stage 4 of sleep

Answer 32

deep sleep; difficult to awaken

Question 33

# **Memory & Sleep** list the characteristics associated with stage 5 of sleep

Answer 33

**paradoxical sleep** (e.g., active brain & physiological arousal while the body's major muscle groups are nearly paralyzed; difficult to arouse; dreams are more vivid, bizarre, & detailed)

Question 34

# **Memory & Sleep** after the first episodes of NREM and REM sleep, how do sleep stages progress throughout the night?

Answer 34

a person cycles through the sleep stages again, and this continues throughout the night

Question 35

# **Memory & Sleep** In terms of sleep stages, as the night progresses, the duration of REM sleep (increases/decreases/stays the same) and the durations of Stages 3 and 4 sleep (increases/decreases/stays the same)

Answer 35

increases; decreases

Question 36

# **Memory & Sleep** describe sleep patterns of newborn infants

Answer 36

* **sleep longer** than older children & adults * spend** more time in REM sleep** * **begin the sleep period with active/REM sleep** that is followed by non-REM/quiet sleep

Question 37

# **Memory & Sleep** changes in the sleep patterns of a six-month old newborn infants

Answer 37

the **4 stages** of non-REM sleep are evident

Question 38

# **Memory & Sleep** list the **total sleep time per day** in infancy vs. adulthood

Answer 38

14 to 16 hours per day **VS.** ~8 hours

Question 39

# **Memory & Sleep** characteristics of sleep for older adults

Answer 39

- more **trouble falling asleep** - **less time in deep sleep**, especially Stage 4 sleep - more **evenly distributed REM sleep** throughout the night - **wake up more often** during the night - experience an **advanced sleep phase**

Question 40

# **Memory & Sleep** describe **Advanced Sleep Phase** (aka circadian phase advance)?

Answer 40

* going to **sleep earlier** in the evening * **waking up earlier** in the morning