Brain Structure Slides Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
Thomas Willis
A
- coined term neurology
- known for circle of willis
- first anatomist to link brain structure with behaviour
- started the field of cog neuro
2
Q
Franz Gall
A
- known for phrenology
- localization of function
- not a scientist
3
Q
marie jean pierre flourens
A
- best known for whole brain theory
- first to show localization of function through animal brain lesion studies
- no area responsible for higher functions
- coined “aggregate field theory” - faculties of perception and volition are one faculty
4
Q
john hughlings jackson
A
- best known for human neuropsychology
- observed behaviour of patients with brain damage
- noticed that seizure progressed in a stereotypical manner form one body part to another
- led to the idea of topographic organization
5
Q
paul broca
A
- best known for broca’s area
- patient tan - large left hemisphere lesion
- speech production
6
Q
carl wernicke
A
- best known for Wernicke’s area
- speech comprehension
- damage to posterior left hemisphere at temporal-parietal junction
7
Q
wilder penfield
A
- best known for mapping humonculus
- how biology shapes behaviour
- used electrical stimulation to map sensorimotor cortices
8
Q
Donald hebb
A
- psych and bio cannot be separated
- best known for hebbian synapse
- “cells that fire together wire together”
- brain is always active even without external input
- beginnings of neural networks
9
Q
cajal’s neuron doctrine
A
refer to connectional specificity and dynamic polarization
10
Q
connectional specificity
A
cells are separate and connections among neurons are not random. circuits pass information through specific pathways
11
Q
dynamic polarization
A
portions of neurons are for different purposes: some for gathering information, some for outputting information
12
Q
difference between dendrites and axons
A
dendrites receive - axons send information
in between is the synapse
13
Q
glial cells make up how much of the brain’s volume
A
half
14
Q
astrocytes
A
- surround neurons and connect to blood vessels
- transport substances from blood to neuron
- gating - lets in some substances, keeps out others
- barrier is called Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) which protects the CNS from dangerous agents in blood
15
Q
microglial cells
A
remove damaged cells
16
Q
oligodendrocytes
A
form myelin to wrap around axons in the CNS: can cover several axons
17
Q
Schwann cells
A
form myelin to surround axons in PNS, can only cover one axon
18
Q
multiple sclerosis
A
damage to myelin sheath in PNS or CNS or both
- cause unknown, probably auto-immune
- symptoms depend on which neurons are being de-myelinated
19
Q
first stage of neuronal signaling
A
neurons receive information through chemicals (neurotransmitters, environmental, or physical)
20
Q
second stage of neuronal signaling
A
signals from chemicals initiate changes in the membrane of the neuron that allow electrical current to flow
21
Q
third stage of neuronal signaling
A
electrical currents, if strong enough, spike during transmission and create an action potential
22
Q
4th stage of neuronal signaling
A
action potentials transmit signal down axon to terminal buttons
23
Q
5th stage of neuronal signaling
A
terminal buttons release neurotransmitters to next neuron
24
Q
depolarization
A
makes the neuron LESS negatively charged - this gain can reach threshold for an action potential.
25
action potential
rapid depolarization and repolarization of membrane
26
hyperpolarization leads to..
refractory period
27
saltatory conduction
nodes between myelin sheath allows the action potential to travel down the axon more quickly
28
large diameter axons conduct signals slower or faster? why?
faster due to decreased axon resistance
29
what can cause an action potential signal to flow faster?
increase in membrane resistance or decrease of axon resistance
30
nodes
breaks among the myelin sheath where action potentials can occur
31
first step of chemical transmission
action potential arrives at axon terminals which leads to depolarization
32
second step of chemical transmission
vesicles containing neurotransmitters fuse with membrane and release into synaptic cleft
33
third step of chemical transmission
transmitter diffuses across cleft and binds with receptors on postsynaptic dendrite
34
4th step of chemical transmission
initiates changes in dendrite membrane of postsynaptic neuron - either depolarization (leads to AP) or hyperpolarization (away from AP)
35
5th step of chemical transmission
if depolarization -- EPSP --> Action Potential
36
EPSP
excitatory post synaptic potential - leads to action potential
37
IPSP
inhibitory post synaptic potential - less likely to generate action potential
38
5 common excitatory neurotransmitters
```
acetylcholine
glutamate
histamine
serotonin
some neuropeptides
```
39
3 common inhibitory neurotransmitters
GABA
glycine
some neuropeptides
40
3 methods of neurotransmitter inactivation
1. active reuptake back into presynaptic terminal (dopamine, serotonin)
2. enzymatic breakdown (Ach)
3. diffusion away from cleft.
41
autoreceptor function
- located on presynaptic cleft
| - monitor amount of NT in cleft
42
3 ways that drugs can change NT transmission
1. mimicking the action of the NT on the postsynaptic receptor
2. blocking the receptor
3. manipulate reuptake
43
agonists
agents that mimic NT or increase levels of NT
44
antagonist
agents that prevent normal action of NT by binding to receptors and blocking
45
gray matter
capillary beds and neurons
46
white matter
axons
47
nucleus or layers
groups of cell bodies
48
tract
collection of axons from a nucleus
49
gyri
bumps
50
sulci
grooves
51
cortex
outer layer of brain
| made up of dendrites and some axons
52
anatomical divisions of cerebral cortex (4 lobes)
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
53
functional localization
idea that there are specific locations in the brain of given functions (mostly debunked)
54
caveats to functional localization (3)
1. functions are localized via brain damage and neuroimaging (imperfect methods)
- functions are predominantly in one area, but are parts of systems which can recruit several areas
- functions are often localized through specific tasks, and may be involved in many other tasks, not exhaustive
55
occipital lobe
contains visual pathways
56
pathways from V1
primary visual cortex
association cortices
projections to entire brain
-more in visual processing slides
57
deficits caused by damage to occipital lobe
visual field deficits
| color identification deficits
58
pathway into V1 (occipital lobe)
optic nerve - LGN - v1
| extra striate cortex
59
hippocampal formation is in which lobe?
temporal
60
auditory cortex is in which lobe?
temporal
61
fusiform gyrus (function and lobe location)
Function: important visual association cortex
location: temporal lobe
62
superior temporal gyrus (function and lobe)
function: important for language system
location: temporal lobe
63
3 functions of temporal lobe
1. superior portion
2. inferior portion
3. medial portion
64
function of superior portion of temporal lobe
sound processing and analysis - highly connected to language system
65
function of inferior portion of temporal lobe
visual processing: highly connected to occipital lobe and frontal areas.
66
function of medial portions of temporal lobe
hippocampal formation for memory and spatial processing
67
major structures of parietal lobe
primary somatosensory cortex
posterior parietal cortex
angular gyrus
68
function of posterior parietal cortex
integration of visual, motor, auditory
| divided into supramarginal and angular
69
function of angular gyrus (of parietal cortex)
reading, writing
70
4 functions of parietal lobe
mathematical processing
spatial processing
writing and reading systems
attention
71
damage to parietal lobes causes...(6)
```
tactile processing problem
academic skill deficits
left right confusion
body orientation problems
optic ataxia
neglect
```
72
3 motor function structures of frontal lobe
primary motor cortex
pre-motor cortex
supplementary motor cortex
73
function of primary motor cortex
effector movement control
74
function of pre-motor cortex
lateral surface, motor programs initiated by external stimuli
75
supplementary motor cortex function
programs initiated by internal control
76
other structures of the frontal lobe (4)
prefrontal cortex
dorsal-lateral prefrontal
ventromedial prefrontal
orbitofrontal
77
function of the prefrontal cortex
planning movement, integration of info over time
| EXECUTIVE FUNCTION
78
function of dorsal-lateral prefrontal
motor association cortices
79
ventromedial prefrontal
speech, motor control, sequencing
80
orbitofrontal
smell, taste
81
issues caused by damage to frontal lobe (8)
```
sequencing
decision making
attention
personality
problem solving
verbal expression
spontaneity
emotional control
movement initiation
```
82
brain protection
cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) protects from shock and changes in pressure
made by glial cells in ventricles
