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Cognitive Neuroscience > Methods Slides > Flashcards

Methods Slides Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

the brain works through __

A

neuronal signaling

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2
Q

neurons that ___

A

fire together wire together

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3
Q

associations can be ____

A

spatial or temporal

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4
Q

all neuronal change is ultimately caused by the ___

A

environment (including the body

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5
Q

what is a mental representation?

A

a pattern of neural activation that is affected by weighting

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6
Q

weighting is based on ___

A

prior experience and context (aka present experience)

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7
Q

weighting can be changed by

A

context

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8
Q

what are the 3 levels of representations

A

visual, sound, category

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9
Q

vascular disorders (cause of neurological dysfunction)

A

brain needs a continuous supply of oxygen - vascular disorder disrupts this

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10
Q

angiography (cause of neurological dysfunction)

A

visualize distribution of blood

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11
Q

4 types of cerebral vascular accidents (strokes)

A

occlusion
ischemia
cerebral hemorrhage
aneurism

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12
Q

occlusion

A

atherosclerosis embolism

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13
Q

ischemia

A

can be caused by blockage or drop in blood pressure

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14
Q

cerebral hemorrhage

A

bleeding in brain due to burst blood vessels - sudden rise in blood pressure

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15
Q

aneurism

A

weak spot or distension in a blood vessel - can expand or burst

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16
Q

tumors

A

a mass of tissue that grows abnormally and has no function

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17
Q

difference between benign and malignant tumor

A

benign tumors do not grow back

malignant tumors likely to return and distribute

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18
Q

most tumors form from…

A

glia - but other grey matter tumors also form

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19
Q

closed traumatic brain injury

A

mechanical forces damage the brain

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20
Q

5 causes of neurological dysfunction

A
  1. cerebral vascular accident
  2. tumors
  3. degenerative or infection diseases
  4. traumatic brain injury (TBI)
  5. Epilepsy
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21
Q

epilepsy

A

excessive and abnormally patterned activity in the brain

-can range in severity and frequency

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22
Q

coup TBI

A

injury in which the brain damage occurs on the same side as the site of impact

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23
Q

contre coup TBI

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A

injury in which the brain damage occurs on the opposite side as the site of impact

24
Q

single dissociation

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A

one patient group shows impairment on a task relative to controls

25
double dissociation
two patient groups show impairments on two different tasks
26
problems with double dissociation
cannot claim due to general effects of brain damage because both groups have brain damage -cannot claim difficulty, concentration, attention
27
ways to go around problems with double dissociation
- choose patients with same damage and study behaviour | - choose patients with same behavioural deficit
28
downsides of using lesioned patients
variability among patients lesion can affect more than one structure input/output from site also damaged brain = massively interconnected. what does a small lesion tell us? significant plasticity
29
methods to disrupt neural function (2)
- use of drugs | - brain stimulation
30
benefit of using pharmacology
can gain insights into NT actions by administering drugs that are known to affect function
31
4 types of brain stimulation
1. electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) 2. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 3. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) 4. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
32
ECT
electroconvulsive shock therapy | -electrical currents are passed through the brain causing brief seizures
33
main use of ECT
treatment for depression - though researchers are not quite sure how it works
34
TMS
transcranial magnetic stimulation - use rapidly changing magnetic field to induce electrical impulses - single pulse or repetitive - current flows in opposite directions and converges on the center where the current summates
35
uses of TMS
virtual lesions | therapy
36
single pulse
"virtual lesions" - short monophasic electrical pulse to the brain that lasts .2 seconds - effective area of stimulation is not focual
37
inference with function
1. prevent activity by silencing neurons | 2. add noise to ongoing activity
38
rTMS
- repetitive pulses - effects can last 30-60 minutes - can also increase motor reaction times
39
therapeutic uses of rTMS
treatment for major depression - more effective than drugs, less than ECT - not very common
40
tDCS
- transcranial direct current stimulation - changes cortical excitability by constant, weak electrical current - can excite or inhibit depending on polarity of current - changes can last for hours - portable
41
when tDCS is applied to stroke patients...
they have an increased use of limbs and increased activity in damaged cortex
42
DBS
deep brain stimulation | -stimulator is implanted in regions known to affect behaviours
43
treatment uses of DBS
- parkinsons (tremors, motor disabilities) | - testing for treatment of depression and schizophrenia
44
structural imaging techniques
x-ray MRI CT (computerized tomography)
45
how does xray work
pass xrays through skull to be absorbed by diff tissues to dif degrees
46
CT
computerized tomography produces 3d image of brain similar process to xray but more specific
47
EEG
electroencphalography - way to measure neuronal firing patterns - continuous recording of overall brain activity
48
MRI
non invasive neuroimaging technique uses radio waves in a magnetic field completely safe good spatial resolution, no temporal resolution
49
RF pulse
used in MRI to mess with the protons which creates a signal that can be measured
50
what is measured in the MRI?
the different relaxation rates of protons in different tissues
51
diffusion tensor imaging
measures axon tracts - same set up as MRI | uses diffusion characteristics of water
52
ERP
``` event-related potentials -measures brain activity during a particular task average signal during stimulus event poor spatial localization good temporal resolution ```
53
MEG
Magnetoencephalography - uses magnetic signals instead of electrical signals - better spatial resolution than EEG - can only localize signals parallel to skull surface
54
electrocortigram
similar to EEG but electrodes are placed directly on brain
55
Positron Emission Tomography
PET measures local variation in cerebral blood flow -measures radioactive tracer
56
BOLD
blood oxygenation level dependent signal | -what is measured in fMRI
57
limitations of PET and fMRI
poor temporal resolution correlations not causations neural systems not areas

Cognitive Neuroscience (4 decks)

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