- 2 lateral ventricles to the side - 3rd is medial - 4th is spinal column

- blood vessels in CNS are very tightly packed - have many arteries that carry oxygenated blood to brain - circle of willis provides blood to all of the brain

Brain Structure (test 1) Flashcards by Mikayla Schuett

dorsal root

senstion

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ventral root

motor

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ipsilateral

2 structures on same side of brain

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contralateral

2 structures on opposite side of brain

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bilateral

same structures on both sides of brains

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proximal

close together

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MRI can see ___

CSF

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CSF fills ___

ventricles

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CSF prevents brain from experiencing ____

shock

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4 ventricles

2 lateral ventricles to the side
3rd is medial
4th is spinal column

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Cerebral Security

blood vessels in CNS are very tightly packed
have many arteries that carry oxygenated blood to brain
circle of willis provides blood to all of the brain

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Somatic nervous system

collects sensory information

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autonomic nervous system

PNS

parasympathetic: rest and digest
sympathetic: fight or flight

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afferent

sensory

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effent

motor pathways

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average length of spinal cord

43-45 cm

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___ motor and sensory nerves in the spinal cord

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cervical spine

C1-C8
top of spine
injury impairs from neck down

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thoracic spine

T1-T12
injury impairs breathing and digestion
injury causes loss of functions in lumbar and sacral regions

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lumbar spine

L1-L5
injury impairs movement of legs and feet
loss of function in sacral region aswell

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sacral region

S1-S5

injury impairs bladder / bowel control and sexual function

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complete spinal cord injury

loss of function below damage

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incomplete spinal cord injury

partial impairment below injury

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sensory neurons

bipolar (retina)

unipolar (skin, muscle)

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interneurons

``` stellate cell (thalamus) pyramidal cells (cortex) purkinje cell (cerebellum) ```

motor neurons

multi polar (spinal cord)

Allan Jones

- Allans institute for Brain Science - would receive brain take MRI - remove from skull - slice thinly and stain - digitize and further fragment extract rNA

spinal cord disks

- in between vertebrae | - act as shock absorber

slipped disk common in

- over weight - occupation with heavy lifting - in genetics

treatment for disk slipped

- over the counter meds - narcotics - anticonvulsants - muscle relaxers cortisone injections - surgeons can remove part or whole disk

neuron generation

stem cell > progenitor cell > neural, glial > interneuron, projecting neuron, oligodendroglia, astrocyte.

glia : neuron ratio

10:1 | then thought to be 1:1

ependymal cell

- glial cell - small - secretes CSF

astrocyte

- glial cell - star shaped - symmetrical - nutritive - supportive

microglial cell

- glial cell - small - defensive function

oligodendroglial cell

- glial cell - asymmetrical - insulating myelin on CNS

shwann cell

- glial cell | - myelin on peripheral nerves

Forebrain

``` Basal ganglia Limbic system Neocortex Amygdala Hypothalamus Thalamus Hippocampus ```

Midbrain

Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus Red nucleus Substantia nigra

Hind brain

Reticular formation Cerebellum Medulla Pons

Medulla

breathing and heart rate

reticular formation

general arousal

pons

relaying info

cerebellum

coordination posture balance

Red nucleus

involved in limb movements

substantia nigra

approach and avoidance behaviour

superior colliculus

eye movements

inferior colliculus

auditory inputs

Amygdala

processes emotions

hypothalamus

releases hormones, regulates body temp

thalamus

- relay motor and sensory signals to cortex | - contains diencephalon

diencephalon

part of forebrain | contains LGB, MGB, VLP

LGB

visual projections

MGB

auditory projections

VLP

tactile projections

hipocampus

memory

Basal ganglia

- movement and learning - loss of these neurons = tourettes - caudate nucleus receives info from cortex and sends though putamen and globus pallidus to thalamus

Limbic system

- where the subcortical structures meet the cerebral cortex | - 6 layers

Neocortex

higher-order brain functions

huntingtons diseasH

- from protein huntington malfunctioning - ventricles become larger from neural death - autosomal dominant disease

Huntingtons disease onset

- developed ~ 30-54 | - can show 4-80 though

Huntingtons disease symptoms

- characteristic movements - impairment - reduced dexterity - slurred speech - trouble swallowing - balance problems - forgetfulness - depression - mania - OCD - social withdrawal

Parkinson's disease

connection between basal ganglia and substantia nigra dies

Parkinson's disease onset

Parkinsons symptoms

rigid movements | balance issues

parkinson medication

- cardibopa-levodopa - protects early conversion to dopamine - benefits overtime may become less stable - after years, build up tolerance

occipital lobe

vision

temporal lobe

auditory

parietal lobe

body senses

frontal lobe

motor functions