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Flashcards in Breathing Difficulties Deck (21)
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1
Q

What are the most common conditions leading to SOB in children?

A

Asthma, Bronchiolitis, Pneumonia and croup

2
Q

What are the common microorganisms that leads to respiratory distress in children?

A
Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenza
Influenza viruses
Pertussis
Mycoplasma
RSV - Respiratory Syncytial virus
HMPV - Human Metapneumovirus
3
Q

What is HMPV? Which family of virus does it belong to?

A

HMPV is Human Metapneumovirus (in the paramyxovirus family similar to RSV and measles).

4
Q

What does HMPV cause? Signs and Symptoms?

A

Can cause Upper and lower respiratory infection (examples of the latter being bronchiolitis and pneumonia).
Cough, Nasal congestion, fever and SOB.

5
Q

When is Bronchiolitis mostly presented in? Who is most affected by it?

A

Bronchiolitis is mostly seen in infants aged 1 month to 1 year old, and mostly occurs in winter months (sept to apr)

6
Q

Is the upper or lower respiratory tract affected in Bronchiolitis?

A

Lower respiratory tract

7
Q

Is Bronchiolitis commonly caused by viruses or bacteria? Give the name of the most common causative organism.

A

Bronchiolitis is mostly due to viruses, especially RSV. Others include adenovirus, influenza and parainfluenza virus.

8
Q

What is given prophylactically to high risk infants of bronchiolitis? Who are the high risk infants?

A

High risk infants include those born premature, or have congenital heart disease. Monoclonal antibody against RSV - Palivizumab

9
Q

What are the treatments for croup?

A

Steroids, such as nebulised budesonide and oral dexamethasone

10
Q

What is the cause of croup?

A

Viral infection - Parainfluenza - of the upper airways, leading to inflammation

11
Q

What is the danger in severe croup?

A

In severe croup, the sick child may get tired from too severe breathing difficulties, which can lead to respiratory failure.

12
Q

What is given to buy time for steroids to work on Croup?

A

Nebulised adrenaline

13
Q

What are the viral causes of pneumonia?

A
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Influenza
Parainfluenza
Adenovirus
Coxsackie virus
14
Q

What are the bacterial causes of pneumonia?

A
Streptococcus pneumoniae 
Haemophilus influenza
Staphylococcus
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
In Newborns: B beta-haemolytic streptococcus
15
Q

Pneumonia is an upper or lower respiratory tract infection?

A

Lower respiratory tract infection

16
Q

What is the first line treatment for lobar pneumonia?

A

Penicillin

17
Q

What investigations are done to reveal the causative organism of pneumonia?

A

Blood and sputum cultures

18
Q

What is useful in the diagnosis of Mycoplasma Pneumonia? What is the treatment of Mycoplasma Pneumonia?

A

Antibody titres.

Erythromycin.

19
Q

What increases the risk of severe bronchiolitis?

A

Underlying conditions such as congenital heart disease or prematurity

20
Q

Per-nasal swabs can help to isolate which bacteria?

A

Bordetella Pertussis

21
Q

What does Stridor suggest?

A

Stridor suggest an upper airway obstruction