British isles Chapter I Flashcards
(14 cards)
When BI became settled and how was it organised
10k BCE agrarian societies, Celtic = cultural profile.
What is the Neolithic Revolution and when it took shape
4000 BCE : hunters organised. Agriculture in south-eastern British Isles.
1000 BCE : climate = farmer extension. Deforestation.
Social inequality, commanding = megalithic monuments ex Stonehenge.
2000 BCE : metallurgy, bronze l, 800 iron
How were organised Celtic cultures before 100 CE
600 : rest in EU. Share language (diff- Welsh, Cornish etc), cultural practices & religion.
No shared IDD or gov : independent policies / war .
Farmers = patriarcal households
Celtics tribes = matriarchal ex warrior queens Boudica of Iceni Tribe
What happen between 43 to 410
Roman conquest of Gaul : part belong to RE.
43 : emperor Claudius Roman occupation till 410.
55-53 : first contact Caesar invited to help battle between British tribes.
Ireland (no invasion ) and Scotland : remains Celtic
What is Britannia and what Roman brought to BI
Province : border of England and Scotland (Hadrian’s Wall)
Des 400 : prosperous and powerful
Literacy / Roman coins / dvlp of industries
Roads : Romano-British towns (London-York)
Country side : Roman-style villas (agrarian exploitatio controlled by Briton-Roman elite)
Latin : for elites of Britannia (other parts still Celtic)
Christianity : religion Roman Empire
THE DARK AGE. What happened around 4 CE. What consequences
Roman Empire collapse: end Roman rule. Social-economic transformation.
Pb : attacks colony by Scottish and Irish raideurs. Ruined economy, cost on people.
No military support from RE : presence of Germanic tribes in Roman Gaul. 410: legions withdraw.
Tax défense : pb eco Britania’s inhabitant. Demand pottery and iron ceased. Villas decline.
What happen in 500 and what are the consequences
Germanic invasions : Angles and Saxons.
Gradual process : crisis urban society.
Roman culture, language and religion disappeared for Celtic and Germanic practices.
Roman impact = long term limited
Why do we say “Dark Age”
No literacy : rural society, 4 languages (3 Celtic-1 Germanic).
Independent, Celtic = long-lasting influence.
Region later England : Germanic society. Complex process : first violent.
Germanic ruling class merged = heterogenous community : The English from 800 (The Angles)
Anglo-Saxon period / early English / Early Medieval
What happen to the language
English developed. Linguistic transformation ex Old English expression the Beowulf epic era (700CE)
Governance-administration-justice
Roman Britania Latin = élit. Gaul or Spain = popular
Wales : resistance, Celtic society. Own language. Minority around 1900.
Northern region (future Scotland) fusion Picts & Scoti (Ireland) settlers): Scots = Scottish Garlic dominant to 11 century.
English introduced in 12 century, 19 century = dominant language over Irish Gaelic.
What is the medieval Era and when did it take place
Between 600 - 1100
3 mayor developments :
- The Christianisation of the British Isles
- The developments of the kingdoms of England and Scotland
- A reorganisation of the social and economic organisations of towns and countryside
How does the Re Christianisation of the British Isles took place
Ireland : Saint-Patrick travelled in Gaul
Roman Catholic Church : missionaries. Elit first. Gradual process.
Rome : centre of Catholicism. Hierarchical organisation.
Synod of Whitby (664)
Influence over appointment of bishops (évêques)
Ireland (powerful monasteries and abbeys) Wales, Scotland = resistance : independent from Rome.
The rise of States on the BI : 8-12 centuries how did it happened ?
English Kingdom : oldest Western Europe.
Germanic no unified power.
Heptarchy : Walord-Ling, military elite, 7 kingdoms (Kent, Sussex, Essex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria)
Alfred The Great (899) = unification (Wessex)
English sate = permanent religious authority
War and taxes : fiscal system (Scandinavian V attacks 9-10).
Political fragmentation Viking Eastern-North east coast of England (Danelaw) demanded by Danes (prevent conquest Danegeld)
Then reconquest and Danish part of pop
English state independent from who ruled.
When state developed : took control entire kingdom.
CNUT Denmark king : English crown single dynasty (1016-1035). Died.
England = independent.
Scotland : kingdom Alba. Less centralised, Alpinid royal dynasty = unification. 11-12 = institutionalised monarchy Scottish crown.
Wales : Llywelyn the Great (1216-1240). No permanent unification.
Ireland : politically fragmented. 400 = 150 kingdom // 1000 = 10. High King of Ireland
Economic and social developments : Manors, Parishes and Towns (1000-1200)
England : 1066 = 1.5 millions.
After Roman fall = agricultural economy, militarised social class + clergy = agricultural surplus.
Hierarchical under monarch or prince (supported by Church)
10-11s : dispersed pop go village (parish church, manor dominated by owner of manor = lord - start nobility). Peasant right to use land
Slavery = 10% workforce. Disappeared late 1100.
English king = wealthier. Independent from thanes (landowners, military and social elite). Helped ruled (advisory council). The Witenagemot
How was organised the power
11 century : centralisation, standard coin
Organised in Shires : local sherif (financial, judicial, administrative power) w/ local elites.
Sacral Kingship : Church monarchy w/ coronation ceremony : sacral aura. Clergy = king = grace of god.
Progressive monetisation from 600 = trade and town = 10-11s.
England, 1100 = 120 towns. 1300 = 500 (London : Londinium of York eboracum)
1800 = 93% large town already there medieval urban revolution.
Very small (-10k). End middle Age : 20% pop = town (merchants, craftsmen, service providers : clerk doctor etc)
Literacy and numeracy = popularised commercial artisanales milieus.
