British Isles Chapter III Flashcards
(17 cards)
The BI in Early Modern Era
16s : the Reformation & state formation
Reformation Of BI
Wars of Religion. Early 16s rise of Protestantism.
Erasmus & Luther : theological reforms. Century after coexistence of both.
Diff creeds in BI. England & Scotland = supported by state. France = repressed protestantism.
How evolved England and Wales (both under English crown)
1520 : Tudor king Henry VIII (1509-47) 1 👧 Mary w/ Catherine of Aragon.
Reformation of parliament 1529-36 = English Church as independent bcs new marriage refused by Roman Catholic Church.
3/6 marriage gave a son (Edward VI)
Between both religion movements.
Anglican Church = Protestant. Under Edward I (1547-53) = Protestant.
Bloody Marry = 53-58 = Catholic. Persecution of Protestants. 🔥
Elisabeth Tudor The Virgin Queen 1558-1603 : independent Protestant Church book of Common Prayer. (English language religious manual influenced shape English correct writing and oral form.
2% remains Catholic + new puritains (radical)
Mid 17s : independent (Dissenters). Repression then arrangement.
Elizabeth Settlement : personal freedom, no public sphere, no official position. Step of tolerance.
Shakespeare : cultural efflorescence
How evolved Scotland (independent) and Ireland (resistant)
Scotland : Calvinist-Presbyterian of Protestantism. (Support from crown & aristocracy + military support English state (John Know)
1560 : parliament made Calvinism new religion Church of Scotland
North = Catholicism = diff English-speaking Protestant.
Ireland : largely Catholic bcs Protestant = religion of English occupation.
Conquest + policies from English crown = Protestant in Northern Ireland.
State formation under the Tudors Kings 16s (stronger than Plantagenet). Step towards Absolutists aspirations of Stuart Dynasty in 17s
Organisation = shires & sheriffs (between court & country) reinforced by bureaucrat. Common law = consolidated.
14-15s English nationalism = + support.
15s War of Roses destabilising high Nobility no threat.
Elimination of Roman Catholic Church = less power & resistance.
💰👑📈 : tax system + Dissolution of the Monasteries (English clergy middle age = half land property) = financial independence of 👑 from parliaments.
Parliament : 16s more power. Populated by Gentry.
Legislation enacted by parliament & assented by king. Only royal policies.
👑 sold lands to gentry (+ economic & social power)
Lesser Noblemen = great support towards 👑 bcs Anglican Church land security.
The 17s : Birth of Great Britain and Political Crisis
Birth of the United Kingdom.
The virgin queen = no 👶
Establishment of the Stuart in 1603.
Queen of Ireland thanks to her cousin James king of Scotland.
Entire Isles under Stuart.
1707 all stop being independent.
Incorporation of Ireland in 1800 (second act of union) = military occupation no consensus.
Gradual dvlp of Britishness : not equal 18-19s. First idd complément, anti Protestants, 1800 shared socio-economic profil (urbanisation)
Not in south of Ireland. GB & Ireland. Industrialisation later + Catholic.
Irish war of independence 1919-1921. Independent again.
Conflict between Crown & Parliament : 1688 parliamentary monarchy.
Stuart Absolutism and Civil War 1642-1648
When does the political crisis took shape ?
James Stuart I 1603-1625 : religious tension. Puritanism 📈 among gentry.
His successor Charles I 1625-1649 : wanted everyone to conservative and ritualistic interpretation of Anglican Protestantism. Too Catholic and too Puritain.
1630: absolutism = accountable for god. Gentry and urban elite : accountable to people.
1629-1640 no parliament sessions.
1940 : Scotland & Irish Catholic revolt. Charles I parliament sessions for funding war. Parliament established sessions w/ king accordance and forced crown.
In 1642 : Charles refused and civil war between Cavaliers (royalist Northern England) & Roundheads parliamentary army. 50/50 balanced gentry.
Cromwell’s republic 1648-1659
1648 defeat of royalist. King captured by enemy and death sentence (first European).
New model army : dominated by puritains. Oliver Cromwell = leader. Distrustful of Levelers (wanted democratic reform, rights for citizens + redistribution of wealth to compensate social gap gentry and urban vs society.
Republic established. The Commonwealth of England. Army = supreme. Democratic & puritain member = excluded.
Decision-making till 1659
The restauration 1660
Parliament : landed elite, conservative. Institution define royal policies.
Popular coffee-houses : public debate + news & periodical.
1700 censorship.
Permission but post-factum prosecution.
Stuart Monarchy : Son Charles II 1660-1685 control over countries.
Anglicanism. State’Church. Dominant gentry.
Puritains cast out (Dissenters 5%) persecuted so exile North America after 60s.
Catholic persecuted 1%. 80 = tolerance.
How did the glorious revolution start, when and why ?
Still impactful : individual liberties x political system and control over Ireland and Scotland.
After death Catholic brother James II. Crisis, military coup : Glorious Revolution 1688
Replaced by daughter Mary Stuart married to leader Calvinist Dutch republic William the Orange. No 👶.
1702 end or reign. Then her lil sister Anne.
Start of Hanover dynasty in 1714.
Bill of Rights : Parliament = permanent sessions over countries.
Monarchy : executive branch of administration. Grace of law.
18s powerful but no domination public life.
Ex : Henry VI (1422-71) mental pb = fifteenth-century war factor. King George III (1760-1820) mental pb no issue.
Queen Victoria 1837-1901 Victorian era
Free for religious doctrine.
Bloodless England but not Scotland or Ireland. Scottish supporters of James II Stuart = repressed + military defeat large-scale Jacobite. Battle of Boyne (1690) reinforced Anglo Saxon Protestantism.
Jacobite defender Bonny Prince Charles = failed.
The 18s : Elitism & political stability
Establishment of political parties
State dominated by oligarchy.
Parliament, gov representation sovereign people. No democratic.
House of Lords : peerage.
House of Commons : wealth = requirement. No upper classes.
MPs : national election : boroughs (rural urban voting districts.
Rapid town no representations. Depopulated towns rotten boroughs.
1800 : 8million England. Only 85k parliamentary representation.
Scotland & Ireland : 1.5 + 5 million under represented.
Disbanded Irish & Scottish parliaments for seat. Under represented and present.
1680s : two fictions. Then based of support in society and individual’s policy idd. Upper classes.
Court Party : 18s Tories.
Large-scale landowners / Anglican / state authority/ role for monarchy.
Country Party : 18s Whigs.
Urban elites / entrepreneurial middle classes. Sympathy for Dissenters + anti Catholic. Restriction on state authority and prerogative of monarchy.
18-19s : leaders of both party like Prime Minister.
19s : Tories = Conservative
Whigs = liberals
Why the Newley system of Parliament was stable
Peace. Can repress Irish revolts & resistance for treason. Press freedom still limited.
Success w/ imperialist policies. Lucrative colonial project + victories : give credit to political elites.
17-18s standards of leaving 📈. Mitigated effect of inequalities.
The birth of the British Empire how did it affect changes in continental policies
Early modern state = colonising territories. 18s = rule over greatest world empire.
After 100 years no conquest in France.
Britannia rules the waves : 📉 risk of invasions + splendid isolation (uniquely independent member of European states)
No complete withdrawal from European politics.
Uk involved in 17-18s conflict in Europe.
Balance of power between European states + military action if balance engaged.
Ex : union w/ Dutch Republic late 17s (against France)
Stop French Napoleonial expansion late 18-19s.
Anti German Alliance World War I, II
How did the colonial empire took place
17-18-19 structured organization. Diff strategies.
After 16s (age of discoveries) Active in Asia and American world.
Competition over colonial assets (Dutch Republic, Habsburg Spain, France).
18s : imperial dominance of GB
Main objective : no control over full region but strategic coastal towns (colonial outposts).
India, China, South America.
Trading post + military bases for British war fleets.
Ex : Hong Kong = gateway Chinese market. Singapour = gateway Indonesian markets)
No political colonisation but ECONOMIC
19s : dvlp of large colonies.
India exploited indirect rule and 19 = entiere colony.
18-19 ; Diff in Australia + North American continent.
North America : from Caribbean archipelago to Canada extensive colonies.
Thirteen colonies : economically prosperous and advanced society of 2million inhabitants. Late 18s
American repression 1776 (tax & political repression)
Only persist in Canada & Caribbean.
British Empire = Britishness as new IDD.
Nationalism : social, cultural, racist sense of superiority. White man’s burden to civilise non-European societies (political frameworks-economic dvlp- social norms- religion- gender..)
Same attitude 20s.
International migration towards BI. Patterns in European Continent.
New religious minorities = next to Christian denominations.
Cromwell reign
1640 : Control over Scotland & Ireland again. Brutal repression.
Reintegration of Jewish.
Goal : abolishment of monarchy but no support bcs parliament full of puritains.
Disband parliament refused to be king. Commonwealth into Protectorate w/ himself as a Lord protector in 56.
Military dictator died in 58. Son resigned.
The restoration of 1660
Restauration of Parliament :
Member = land elite. Conservative. Institution define/ constrain royal policies.
Popular coffee-houses : public debate + new & periodicals.
1700 : active censorship but publisher no longer ask for permission. Post-factum repercussion.
Restauration of monarchy : oldest son of Charles I, Charles II
Restauration of Anglican Church :
Once again state’s Church. puritains cast-out (Dissenters 5%)
Persecuted after 60s = immigration towards North America.
Catholic = 1% = persecuted.
80s = tolerance & freedom.
How did the Glorious revolution start, why and when
James II : 1660-1685 Catholic wanted restauration.
Parliament = military coup bcs new crisis.
Replaced by Anglican daughter Mary Stuart married to William III of Orange (leader of Calvinist Dutch Republic)
Childless. 1702 end of reign.
1714 Hanover dynasty.
Bill of Rights : Parliament permanent session + authority over countries.
