British Isles Chapter IV Flashcards
(11 cards)
Modernity as a gradual process : the rise of agrarian capitalism in the transformation of English rural society
17-19s = capitalism & IR : eco dvlp
Agrarian capitalism no rural but countryside. 17 England // 19 Scotland Ireland
Peasant hereditary right on lands for annual rent. Fragmentation for inheritance.
Agricultural production weak : IT to expensive bcs for large scale.
1580 : gentry dissolution of the Monasteries = rich land owners.
Control : destroy peasant’s right.
Enclosure movement : common ressources + 🌳/ meadows.
Entrepreneurs 💰 + IT investments.
+ surplus.
Peasant : short-term contract : labourers.
Wool 📈 so no more intensive 🌾 but 🐑. 18s
1540s protests and revolts 🧑🌾 repressed
Why did the new property regime was adopted ?
1️⃣ Progressive capital investements = 📈 production.
1600-1800 : 70% 📈 production/ agricultural work.
Food 🏷️ 📉 so rural wage owner = 📈 leaving standards.
Leaving stranded : 📉 1500-1650 VS 1650-1750 📈.
Famine = past. Middle class richer. 🏴 🧍♂️ 📈 : 2.3 1550 VS 8.7 1800
2️⃣ Gentry 🔋British state Parliament : 1600 Poor Law System.
📈 mobility of 👷. Migration within countryside farm to farm.
STIPEND : sustain families unemployment period.
Individuals like children, infirm, elderly = Stipend so allow able-bodied to find new job.
Why was the poor law not a philanthropic consideration ?
What about the Scottish & Irish rural society ?
Extremely profitable Élite : 1300 English Lords 18-20% rural GDP.
1700-1800 : gentry 30-35%
💰 extra tax funding Poor Law Stipends. Guaranteed entrepreneurs enough labourer to rent gentry landowners.
Poor law = Functional labour market.
Vagabond / no working ppl = Gentry = super violent «underserving poor» no stipend + prison + forced labour. Minor infringement against property regime favourable elite = punish severely : execution / deportation penalty colonies Australia.
Irish / Scottish : peasant societies persisted till 19s small-scale landownership.
Underproduction + no poor law frequent famine.
Ireland fast 👩🍼📈. 1 m 1500 vs 5 1800 (land fragmentation) 8m in 1840
Scotland = stable. 1m 1500 vs 1.6 1800
Scotland shift to agricultural capitalism gradual dismantling customary rights of peasants on land 18s + poor law 19s
Ireland = humanitarian crisis. 1840 English occupation. Loss of land access no sufficient functional poor law system. + failed potato harvest.
📉 20-25% 1million ☠️ & 1million ✈️.
English over Gaelic. Irish agricultural eco eventually modernised.
Why did the IR took place first in the United Kingdom ?
Second half 18s first country dvlp industrial capitalism.
Agrarian capitalism :
Capitalist mindset : profit invested 📈 production & profit.
Surplus of skilled and mobile labourers : efficient agricultural eco, + poor law.
Growing demand for industrial products : 📈 ☮️ pop = 📈 need 👕🔨🏺.
⁉️ Mechanisation of this products
Scientific revolution : 18s ENLIGHTENMENT. Sceptical attitude / rationalist empiricist.
19-20s Christian but religious tolerance = atheist thinkers David Hume.
🩺🧮🧑🔬🧪⚙️
Natural process= subject to theoretical framing and practical implementation.
Pressure in cynlinder = steam engine.
Unlock fossil fuel potential. 20s coal BI. Oil = collab w/ Persian empire.
Energy revolution.
Average English person = 10x amount fuel energy than rest of world.
No climate change but pollution and biodiversity loss. Deforestation = conservation movement 19s.
How did the empire and access to capital help improved IR.
Did the state participated ?
Empire : variety ressources : cotton (first mechanized).
Foreign demand Caribbean = 12% industrial prod 1800.
Capital : cheap capital production process expensive. (Machine factory)
1759 gentry massive fortune. Invest economic sectors. coal mines.
Global trade / imperial surplus extraction.
17s paper money + bank.
London = financial capital world.
Entrepreneur fund 5% (China 30)
State support : after 1688 political stability. Risky experiment but safe climate.
Entrepreneur close to gentry and urban elite so parliament facilitated / encouraged eco innovation.
Tariff policies : internal tariff = unified market for goods & services. Largest Free-trade Europe.
Tariff = protect British entrepreneurs from foreign competition.
Anti-cartel policies : After Glorious revolution Stuart gave monopolies to certain trading houses = stifled competition 1688 Parliament stopped it.
Intellectual property law : legal framework = innovators = patent ideas / inventions (could be spread but inventor received part)
How did this process happened and why globally ?
What about the second Industrial Revolution
16s : artisanal exported small scale.
Cottage peasant / labourers.
Second half 18s relocated to factories became town.
Textile industry first.
1780s steam engine = other sectors.
1830-1840 : railroad. 🚞
First half 1800 = England = vanguard industrial prof 1850-70
Second half = Germany France USA
Second Industrial Revolution : 1870-1910 chemistry consumer goods.
World war 1 outdated / competition. Agricultural = pressured 1870s foreign.
Abandon protectionism for liberal trade. (Cheap cereals meats) production mass Argentina Canada USA. = crisis agricultural sector.
What are the consequences of the IR.
Industrial superpower :
📈💰 : 1800 = 200million GDP VS 1900 2 billion.
Military strike power technological change = military applications. (Iron clad/ warship / machine guns / barbed wire.
Imperial century Great Britain : collapse Napoleonic empire 1815 world war 1 1914.
PAX BRITANNICA : superior political position European.
Consolidated & expanded empire dvlp 17-18s. SCRAMBLE for Africa.
19s colonisation : lion’s share.
1900 largest world. 370 million ppl. 25% global population.
How did Social change occurs in urbanization & social differentiation
unequally. 1900 : 90% 💰= inheritance.
Small elite all the lands : 1875 4k own 55% lands (22millions inhabitants)
New elite : industrial entrepreneurs.
1930 2.5% pop owned 2/3 💰. 30% poverty.
Political change : Democratisation and the welfare state.
1️⃣ Political rights in parliaments
2️⃣ protectionism to liberalism
3️⃣ dismantlement of confessional state & abolition of slavery
1️⃣ Parliament = gentry. Outdated industrial centres. MPs no promoting untested commercial/ industrial elite.
GREAT REFORM ACT 1832 : decision-making. Rotten boroughs= abolished for new one (demographic/ economic situation). Electoral right larger section elite.
1832 reorga parliament = representation Ireland Scotland mps new boroughs.
2️⃣After GREAT REFORM ACT : industrial elit = parliament. Shift. First half protectionism secure (corn laws) but prices foodstuffs 📈 prolétariat.
1850 : lobbied abolition tariffs, libéralisation grain trade.
Industrial / commercial sector over agrarian in moderne indus eco.
Late 19s agrarian suffer from foreign.
3️⃣ 1830 eliminated discrimination of Catholic. + abolished slavery.
Political & civil rights = no Anglican Church. New religion : migration & colonialism side-effect.
Atheism popular thinking. Repressed till 1920.
In the 18s what were the political institutions and how did it affecte population ?
First half = Troies/ conservatives & Whigs/ Liberals opposed democratisation for labour class.
Low living standards (overcrowded towns, low hygiene, poor wage, dangerous and long working, child labour = political contestations repressed.
70s tensions economic efflorescence industry & agriculture.
But eco & social tensions = reforms.
What are the reforms brought from eco & social tensions after 1870 ?
Democracy / unions/ welfare state/ education
Birth of modern democracy :
Second & third REFORM ACT 1867-1884 right to vote rural/ urban workers
Liberal party’s reformist : LABOUR PART 1906.
1918 all man can vote
1828 all women.
House of Lords no more veto.
Birth of unions :
18s / first half 19s : aggressive and criminal prosecution + fine for strikes’s responsible.
1870-1900 : unions solid & financial basis recognised state.
Welfare state arrangements :
Late 19s: Legal protection from exploitations. Prohibition child labour. Unemployed benefits, health insurance.
20s modern welfare state.
Educational reforms :
Late 19s decentralised educational system : mediocre elementary schools.
Secondary & higher educ = elite 📈 social segregation & inequality.
Each class = own the educational network.
Public schools (Eton / Harrow) sons of elites.
1870 : state responsibility improve schooling minors.
Illiteracy 📉 40% 1800 to 0 1900.
Higher education + accessible : red brick universities middle class.
Conservative streak cemented existing infrastructure best educational services cornered by elite.
Legal & social reforms :
Common law modernised. Ceased deportation of criminals to penal colonies + reduced capital punishment.
Private law : marriage law 1870- / 1880s = women no longer subjected authority husband. Divorce = legally possible but democratisation till 20s.
