British Isles Chapter II Flashcards
(14 cards)
When started the establishment of an Anglo-Norman Ruling Class
End early medieval period = 1066 = dynastic crisis
Harold king England killed by William the Conqueror Duke of Normandy in Battle of Hastings.
Till 1154 after = Plantagenet dynasty
Institution of French
What major shift this brought
Focus towards : France, Low Countries, Spain and Portugal.
(Scotland = scandinave 13s then Western Europe)
1,2 to 2Millions ruled by 12-25 Normans.
5k thanes (aristocracy) replaced by Normans (earls barons). Position church to normans
Half lords replaced and legally peasants = serfs
Castles = authority of lords over peasantry
Anglo-Norman monarchy temporary suppression of English.
Governance, justice, administration
(Clergy preferred French or Latin)
But first language for people.
Late 13 = English again.
Longue-lasting impact on transformation from old to Middle English. French in law till 18s
What did not change and why is England powerful
Institutional organisation = fiscal system and administrative division into shires and own shérif remains
Importance ruling dynasty. England made them king so affairs no ignored even if king not in continent ex Henry II = 13 in England during 34-year reign.
Internal conflict and external expansion : 11-16 s
English crown aggressively extended its power over Europe and within BI. Consequences on Wales, Scotland and Ireland.
Several dates : two factors = integration of England in European policies and relationship between English crown and nobility
What happened between 1066 to 1214
Expansionist policies : The Angevin Empire
England + half France territories.
King Henry II England Normandy Anjou.
Mariage eleonor of Aquitaine : duchies of Brittany & Aquitaine.
Richard cœur de lion et John Lackland = failed.
Lost of France by 1214 (except Gascony)
English Pale 1172 Lord of Ireland (Around Dublin)
What happened between 1214-1277
Internal conflicts : the Barons’ Wars
First Barron wars : 1215-1217 and second 1264-1262
Revolt from powerful aristocrats. Magna Carta 1215 = restrain crown authority. Step constitutional monarchy.
Restored 1260 Edward I new entente + conquest in France. Crisis son Edward II (1307-1327)
What happened between 1277-1453
Second phase of external expansion
Expansionist policies : The Wars with Wales and Scotland
Wales : 13s = political unification Prince LLywelyn the great and the last (great son).
1277-1283 = Conquest. 16s lost legal system but own representative in parliament.
Scotland : English-speaking lowlands
Gaelic-speaking highlands.
William Wallace and Robert the Bruce = resistance. Won battle Bannockburn (1314)
More control imitation and adaptation.
Hundred Years War : wars in France 1337-1453
1327-1360 / 1415-1453.
Crecy = 1346
Poitiers = 1356
Azincourt = 1415
Ireland : revolts, military repression and confiscation of lands by 1700 2/3 = England.
English common law + practices : Irish parliament under England crown. 1540-1950 king of Ireland.
What happened between 1453-1485
Internal conflict : The War of the Roses
What happened between 1485-1602
Expansionists policies The conquest of Ireland
How does expansionist policies affected the state between 1050 to 1550
Aristocracy = strong financial support. Powerful.
Autocratic rules : Common Law (Henry II 1133-1189) = legal system w/ royal judges.
Reduce legal authority of nobility : tensions, aristocrats = revolts, civil wars. Foreign support fails.
King murdered (Edward II, Richard II, Henry VI, Richard III)
Consequences of War & Conquest 11-16s
Identity
Galvanisation : Welsh, Scottish, Irish & English.
Anglo-Norman lost possessions in France and became English Elite
Hostility Roman Catholic Church : till 14s collaboration. Then too much power.
16s = break
What is the parliament and how did it take place
Military purpose, royal policies. King revenues = insufficient for wars in BI
Call for high nobility, peerage (house of lords) & wealthy urban elites (house of commons) agreement taxation in exchange of advisory role government kingdom.
Fixed institution. 15s laws = confirment by parliament and then decision-making institution : replace medieval aristocracy & monarchy.
17s : heart of gov
Socio-économique transformation of BI
Commercialisation & urbanisation
From 11s : lesser nobility + urban elites parliament = transformation:
Urbanisation of society.
12-13s = (1100-1300) GDP 📈 : commercialisation.
1300 1/3 🌾 / 🪵 = exportation.
📈👶 from 1.5-2 Millions (1066) to 4.4,5 (1300)
💰+ Towns = centre industry, trade & services.
London = seat of English gov + largest towns.
International trade : first export raw materials import finish product 🔄 exp semi finish (textiles, metalware)
Creation middle class : ex Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (1387)
Wealthy farmers (yeomen), merchants, administrators, millers & physicians.
Universities : 1200 England (Oxford, Cambridge)
15s Scotland (St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen)
16s Ireland (trinity College (Dublin)
Others = after 1800
How evolved the rest of the society : peasantry, women & immigrations
Peasantry = 2s after NC = pressure from seigneurial.
14-15s : serfdom organised against manor’s lords = right to use land without permission and tax cuts.
Black Death 1350- 1650) : 1/3 pop 💀. 1500 : 2.2 millions.
Labour scarce, peasants negotiated better working conditions.
1350 serfdom disappear.
15s elite control over royal administration and large-scale landownership instead of seigneurial authority.
Women : important in agriculture then commerce and industry. Independence. Strong in eco and social.
15s position decreased, low status, low-paid, low-skilled.
1290 crown expelling of minorities (gypsies, beggars, vagrants etc)
Immigration = apart from conquest.
Socio-economic motivations : after 💀 15s : 1.5 pop = Scotland, Ireland, France, low-countries, German Empire & Italy. (Northern border and Southern in towns.
Participate eco & social life but xenophobia from interested groups (fear competition)
