Building a cell

Question 1

Name four components all cells have

Answer 1

• Plasma membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Chromosomes
• Ribosomes

Question 2

What are pili?

Answer 2

Hair-like structures on the surface of some prokaryotes

Question 3

What is a nucleoid?

Answer 3

The region where a prokaryote’s DNA is located

Question 4

Prokaryote DNA is found in what form?

Answer 4

One circular chromosome that appears tangled

Question 5

What are ribosomes?

Answer 5

Organelles that synthesise proteins

Question 6

Where is prokaryotic DNA located?

Answer 6

In the nucleoid (region in the cell)

Question 7

What is the cell wall?

Answer 7

A rigid structure outside the plasma membrane of some bacteria

Question 8

What is the basis of gram staining?

Answer 8

Different structures of bacterial cell walls take on dyes differently

Question 9

Different structures of bacterial cell walls taking on dyes differently is the basis of what process?

Answer 9

Gram staining

Question 10

What is a prokaryotic capsule?

Answer 10

A jelly-like outer coating of many prokaryotes

Question 11

What are flagella?

Answer 11

Locomotion organelles of some bacteria - note these are different to eukaryotic flagella

Question 12

Are prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella the same?

Answer 12

No, their structures are different

Question 13

Name three shapes of prokaryotes

Answer 13

Cocci (spheres), bacilli (rods), spirochetes (spirals)

Question 14

What is meant by ‘cocci’ or ‘coccus’?

Answer 14

Cocci is the spherical shape of a prokaryote. ‘Coccus’ is the singular term

Question 15

What is meant by ‘bacilli’ or ‘bacillus’?

Answer 15

Bacilli is the rod shape of a prokaryote. ‘Bacillus’ is the singular term

Question 16

What is meant by ‘spirochete’?

Answer 16

Spirochete is the spiral shape of a prokaryote

Question 17

What is contained in the nucleus of an animal cell?

Answer 17

Most of the cell’s genetic information

Question 18

Where is most of the genetic information found in an animal cell?

Answer 18

In the nucleus

Question 19

Aside from the nucleus, where can genetic material be found in an animal cell?

Answer 19

In the mitochondria

Question 20

Aside from the nucleus, where can genetic material be found in a plant cell?

Answer 20

In chloroplasts and the mitochondria

Question 21

What is the nuclear envelope?

Answer 21

Inner and outer membranes surrounding the nucleus of an animal cell. The membranes have nuclear pores, which are protein structures that allow molecules in and out of the nucleus

Question 22

What are nuclear pores?

Answer 22

Protein structures that allow molecules in and out of the nucleus

Question 23

What allows molecules in and out of the nucleus?

Answer 23

Protein structures in the nuclear envelope membranes called nuclear pores

Question 24

What is the nucleolus?

Answer 24

The area in the centre of the nucleus

Question 25

Ribosomes synthesise proteins through what process?

Answer 25

Translation

Question 26

Where can ribosomes be found in an animal cell?

Answer 26

Some are attached to the rough ER, some are free in cytosol

Question 27

What type of organelle can be found attached to rough ER or free in the cytosol?

Answer 27

Ribosomes

Question 28

Are ribosomes a singular structure?

Answer 28

No, ribosomes are comprised of a large subunit and a small subunit

Question 29

The golgi apparatus is part of the ____ system

Answer 29

Endomembrane

Question 30

What is the golgi responsible for?

Answer 30

Receiving and shipping of proteins, and protein modification (addition of sugars and lipids to new proteins)

Question 31

Which organelles modifies proteins by adding sugars and lipids?

Answer 31

Golgi apparatus

Question 32

Describe the structure of the golgi apparatus

Answer 32

Has a cis face (receiving side) and a trans face (shipping side)

Question 33

Does the cis face of the golgi apparatus 'receive' or 'ship' proteins?

Answer 33

Receive

Question 34

Does the trans face of the golgi apparatus 'receive' or 'ship' proteins?

Answer 34

Ship

Question 35

Describe the process of proteins through the golgi apparatus. There are six steps

Answer 35

1. Vesicles carrying proteins bud off the ER and move to golgi 2. Vesicles coalesce to merge and form new cis golgi externae 3. Cisternal maturation - cisternae move from cis to trans 4. Vesicles form and leave golgi, carrying specific proteins to other locations or to merge with the plasma membrane for secretion 5. Vesicles transport specific proteins backward to newer golgi cisternae 6. Vesicles also transport certain proteins back to ER

Question 36

What is are lysosomes?

Answer 36

Membranous sacs of hydrolytics enzymes that can digest a variety of macromolecules and carry out intracellular digestion by phagocytosis

Question 37

Membranous sacs of hydrolytics enzymes that can digest a variety of macromolecules and carry out intracellular digestion by phagocytosis are what type of organelle?

Answer 37

Lysosome

Question 38

Are the enzymes in a lysosome always activated?

Answer 38

No, they activate with a change in environment

Question 39

What activates the enzymes in a lysosome?

Answer 39

A change in environment

Question 40

Give an example of the activation of enzymes in a lysosome

Answer 40

The change of pH that occurs when the lysosome fuses with a food vacuole, activating the hydrolytic enzymes that digests the food particles

Question 41

What process occurs in the mitochondria?

Answer 41

Respiration - energy in organic molecules is converted into ATP

Question 42

What is the name of the process where energy in organic molecules is converted into ATP?

Answer 42

Respiration

Question 43

In which organelle is energy in organic molecules converted into ATP?

Answer 43

Mitochondria

Question 44

Describe the structure of mitochrondria

Answer 44

Built of two membranes, an outer and an inner with the intermembrane space between. The inner membrane is folded into cristae. In the cristae is the mitochondrial matrix which contains free ribosomes and mitochondrial DNA

Question 45

What is the shape of the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

Answer 45

The inner membrane is folded into cristae

Question 46

What is in the cristae of the mitochondria?

Answer 46

Mitochondrial matrix which contains free ribosomes and mitochondrial DNA

Question 47

What is in the mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 47

Free ribosomes and mitochondrial DNA

Question 48

What is the shape of mitochondrial DNA?

Answer 48

Circular, like prokaryotic DNA (related to the endosymbiont theory)

Question 49

What DNA in animal cells is circular, like in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 49

Mitochondrial DNA

Question 50

What is the role of peroxisomes?

Answer 50

Metabolism of fatty acids and other metabolites through beta-oxidation

Question 51

Metabolism of fatty acids and other metabolites through beta-oxidation is the role of what organelle?

Answer 51

Peroxisomes

Question 52

Peroxisomes metabolise fatty acids and other metabolites through what process?

Answer 52

Beta-oxidation

Question 53

What does beta-oxidation break down?

Answer 53

Lipids

Question 54

What process do peroxisomes use to break down lipids?

Answer 54

Beta-oxidation

Question 55

What is a product of beta-oxidation of lipids in peroxisomes?

Answer 55

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)

Question 56

What is a product of beta-oxidation in peroxisomes that the organelle then uses to oxidise other substrates?

Answer 56

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)

Question 57

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a product of beta-oxidation in which organelle?

Answer 57

Peroxisomes

Question 58

Name three structures of the cytoskeleton

Answer 58

- Microfilaments - Intermediate filaments - Microtubules

Question 59

Amino acids build proteins, which build fibres, which makes up the ____

Answer 59

Cytoskeleton

Question 60

What are the types of endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 60

Rough and smooth ER

Question 61

Are ribosomes found on rough or smooth ER?

Answer 61

Rough ER; ribosomes give it the 'rough' appearance

Question 62

What gives rough ER its 'rough' appearance?

Answer 62

Ribosomes

Question 63

What structure accounts for over half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells?

Answer 63

The rough ER

Question 64

What are the cisternae of the rough ER?

Answer 64

Pouch-like structures of rough ER

Question 65

What is the name of the space inside the cisternae of the rough ER?

Answer 65

Cisternal space

Question 66

What is in the cisternal space of the rough ER?

Answer 66

Proteins, including enzymes

Question 67

What are the roles of the enzymes contained in the cisternal space of the rough ER?

Answer 67

Their roles are in the 'packing and shipping' of proteins

Question 68

Does smooth ER have attached ribosomes?

Answer 68

No

Question 69

The smooth ER has roles in storage and ____ biosynthesis

Answer 69

Lipid

Question 70

The substance stored in smooth ER depends on what?

Answer 70

The cell's location and function; for example, muscle cells store calcium and are caled sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 71

Rough and smooth ER are both components of what organelle?

Answer 71

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 72

Name the four cellular structures included in the endomembrane system

Answer 72

Rough ER, vesicles, Golgi, and the plasma membrane