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LQB186 > Building a cell > Flashcards

Building a cell Flashcards

1
Q

Name four components all cells have

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Chromosomes
  • Ribosomes
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2
Q

What are pili?

A

Hair-like structures on the surface of some prokaryotes

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3
Q

What is a nucleoid?

A

The region where a prokaryote’s DNA is located

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4
Q

Prokaryote DNA is found in what form?

A

One circular chromosome that appears tangled

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5
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Organelles that synthesise proteins

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6
Q

Where is prokaryotic DNA located?

A

In the nucleoid (region in the cell)

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7
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

A rigid structure outside the plasma membrane of some bacteria

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8
Q

What is the basis of gram staining?

A

Different structures of bacterial cell walls take on dyes differently

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9
Q

Different structures of bacterial cell walls taking on dyes differently is the basis of what process?

A

Gram staining

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10
Q

What is a prokaryotic capsule?

A

A jelly-like outer coating of many prokaryotes

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11
Q

What are flagella?

A

Locomotion organelles of some bacteria - note these are different to eukaryotic flagella

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12
Q

Are prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella the same?

A

No, their structures are different

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13
Q

Name three shapes of prokaryotes

A

Cocci (spheres), bacilli (rods), spirochetes (spirals)

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14
Q

What is meant by ‘cocci’ or ‘coccus’?

A

Cocci is the spherical shape of a prokaryote. ‘Coccus’ is the singular term

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15
Q

What is meant by ‘bacilli’ or ‘bacillus’?

A

Bacilli is the rod shape of a prokaryote. ‘Bacillus’ is the singular term

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16
Q

What is meant by ‘spirochete’?

A

Spirochete is the spiral shape of a prokaryote

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17
Q

What is contained in the nucleus of an animal cell?

A

Most of the cell’s genetic information

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18
Q

Where is most of the genetic information found in an animal cell?

A

In the nucleus

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19
Q

Aside from the nucleus, where can genetic material be found in an animal cell?

A

In the mitochondria

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20
Q

Aside from the nucleus, where can genetic material be found in a plant cell?

A

In chloroplasts and the mitochondria

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21
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

Inner and outer membranes surrounding the nucleus of an animal cell. The membranes have nuclear pores, which are protein structures that allow molecules in and out of the nucleus

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22
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

Protein structures that allow molecules in and out of the nucleus

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23
Q

What allows molecules in and out of the nucleus?

A

Protein structures in the nuclear envelope membranes called nuclear pores

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24
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

The area in the centre of the nucleus

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25
Q

Ribosomes synthesise proteins through what process?

A

Translation

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26
Q

Where can ribosomes be found in an animal cell?

A

Some are attached to the rough ER, some are free in cytosol

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27
Q

What type of organelle can be found attached to rough ER or free in the cytosol?

A

Ribosomes

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28
Q

Are ribosomes a singular structure?

A

No, ribosomes are comprised of a large subunit and a small subunit

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29
Q

The golgi apparatus is part of the ____ system

A

Endomembrane

30
Q

What is the golgi responsible for?

A

Receiving and shipping of proteins, and protein modification (addition of sugars and lipids to new proteins)

31
Q

Which organelles modifies proteins by adding sugars and lipids?

A

Golgi apparatus

32
Q

Describe the structure of the golgi apparatus

A

Has a cis face (receiving side) and a trans face (shipping side)

33
Q

Does the cis face of the golgi apparatus ‘receive’ or ‘ship’ proteins?

A

Receive

34
Q

Does the trans face of the golgi apparatus ‘receive’ or ‘ship’ proteins?

A

Ship

35
Q

Describe the process of proteins through the golgi apparatus. There are six steps

A
  1. Vesicles carrying proteins bud off the ER and move to golgi
  2. Vesicles coalesce to merge and form new cis golgi externae
  3. Cisternal maturation - cisternae move from cis to trans
  4. Vesicles form and leave golgi, carrying specific proteins to other locations or to merge with the plasma membrane for secretion
  5. Vesicles transport specific proteins backward to newer golgi cisternae
  6. Vesicles also transport certain proteins back to ER
36
Q

What is are lysosomes?

A

Membranous sacs of hydrolytics enzymes that can digest a variety of macromolecules and carry out intracellular digestion by phagocytosis

37
Q

Membranous sacs of hydrolytics enzymes that can digest a variety of macromolecules and carry out intracellular digestion by phagocytosis are what type of organelle?

A

Lysosome

38
Q

Are the enzymes in a lysosome always activated?

A

No, they activate with a change in environment

39
Q

What activates the enzymes in a lysosome?

A

A change in environment

40
Q

Give an example of the activation of enzymes in a lysosome

A

The change of pH that occurs when the lysosome fuses with a food vacuole, activating the hydrolytic enzymes that digests the food particles

41
Q

What process occurs in the mitochondria?

A

Respiration - energy in organic molecules is converted into ATP

42
Q

What is the name of the process where energy in organic molecules is converted into ATP?

A

Respiration

43
Q

In which organelle is energy in organic molecules converted into ATP?

A

Mitochondria

44
Q

Describe the structure of mitochrondria

A

Built of two membranes, an outer and an inner with the intermembrane space between. The inner membrane is folded into cristae. In the cristae is the mitochondrial matrix which contains free ribosomes and mitochondrial DNA

45
Q

What is the shape of the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A

The inner membrane is folded into cristae

46
Q

What is in the cristae of the mitochondria?

A

Mitochondrial matrix which contains free ribosomes and mitochondrial DNA

47
Q

What is in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Free ribosomes and mitochondrial DNA

48
Q

What is the shape of mitochondrial DNA?

A

Circular, like prokaryotic DNA (related to the endosymbiont theory)

49
Q

What DNA in animal cells is circular, like in prokaryotic cells?

A

Mitochondrial DNA

50
Q

What is the role of peroxisomes?

A

Metabolism of fatty acids and other metabolites through beta-oxidation

51
Q

Metabolism of fatty acids and other metabolites through beta-oxidation is the role of what organelle?

A

Peroxisomes

52
Q

Peroxisomes metabolise fatty acids and other metabolites through what process?

A

Beta-oxidation

53
Q

What does beta-oxidation break down?

A

Lipids

54
Q

What process do peroxisomes use to break down lipids?

A

Beta-oxidation

55
Q

What is a product of beta-oxidation of lipids in peroxisomes?

A

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)

56
Q

What is a product of beta-oxidation in peroxisomes that the organelle then uses to oxidise other substrates?

A

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)

57
Q

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a product of beta-oxidation in which organelle?

A

Peroxisomes

58
Q

Name three structures of the cytoskeleton

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules
59
Q

Amino acids build proteins, which build fibres, which makes up the ____

A

Cytoskeleton

60
Q

What are the types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough and smooth ER

61
Q

Are ribosomes found on rough or smooth ER?

A

Rough ER; ribosomes give it the ‘rough’ appearance

62
Q

What gives rough ER its ‘rough’ appearance?

A

Ribosomes

63
Q

What structure accounts for over half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells?

A

The rough ER

64
Q

What are the cisternae of the rough ER?

A

Pouch-like structures of rough ER

65
Q

What is the name of the space inside the cisternae of the rough ER?

A

Cisternal space

66
Q

What is in the cisternal space of the rough ER?

A

Proteins, including enzymes

67
Q

What are the roles of the enzymes contained in the cisternal space of the rough ER?

A

Their roles are in the ‘packing and shipping’ of proteins

68
Q

Does smooth ER have attached ribosomes?

A

No

69
Q

The smooth ER has roles in storage and ____ biosynthesis

A

Lipid

70
Q

The substance stored in smooth ER depends on what?

A

The cell’s location and function; for example, muscle cells store calcium and are caled sarcoplasmic reticulum

71
Q

Rough and smooth ER are both components of what organelle?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

72
Q

Name the four cellular structures included in the endomembrane system

A

Rough ER, vesicles, Golgi, and the plasma membrane

LQB186 (5 decks)

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