BURRHUS FREDERIC SKINNER: BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS

Question 1

“we are just a product of a reinforcement of the environment”

Answer 1

Radical Behaviorism

Question 2

Skinner did not claim that observable behavior is limited to ______. Private behaviors such as thinking, remembering, and anticipating are all observable by the person experiencing them.

Answer 2

External Events

Question 3

behavior can be best studied without reference to needs, instincts, or motives.

Answer 3

Scientific Behaviorism

Question 4

permits a scientist to generalize from a simple learning condition to a more complex one.

Answer 4

Interpretation

Question 5

two kinds of conditioning

Answer 5

Classical

Operant

Question 6

Classical Conditioning

Answer 6

Ivan Pavlov

John Watson

Question 7

a response is drawn out of the organism by a specific, identifiable stimulus.

Answer 7

Classical Conditioning

Question 8

a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus a number of times until it produces conditioned response.

Answer 8

Classical Conditioning

Question 9

Operant Conditioning

Answer 9

B.F. Skinner

Question 10

a behavior is made more likely to recur when it is immediately reinforced.

Answer 10

Operant Conditioning

Question 11

reinforcing approximation of the targeted behavior until such time that the organism finally do what we intend them to do.

Answer 11

Shaping

Question 12

the experimenter or the environment first rewards gross approximations of the behavior, then closer approximations, and finally the desired behavior itself.

Answer 12

Shaping

Question 13

a response to a similar environment in the absence of previous reinforcements. they react to a new situation in the same manner that they reacted to an earlier one because the two situations possess same identical elements.

Answer 13

Stimulus Generalization

Question 14

Skinner said “The reinforcement of a response increases the probability of all responses containing the same elements”

Answer 14

Stimulus Generalization

Question 15

3 kinds of reinforcement

Answer 15

Positive
Negative
Punishment

Question 16

any stimulus that when added to a situation, increases the probability that a given behavior will occur.

Answer 16

Positive Reinforcement

Question 17

the removal of an aversive stimulus from a situation also increases the probability that the preceding behavior will occur.

Answer 17

Negative Reinforcement

Question 18

not effective to deter behavior. introducing an aversive stimuli when the organism do a behavior we do not like.

Answer 18

Punishment

Question 19

environmental stimuli that are not by nature satisfying but become so because they are associated with such unlearned or primary reinforcers (food, water, sex, or physical comfort)

Answer 19

Conditioned Reinforcers

Question 20

associated with more than one primary reinforcer

Answer 20

Generalized Reinforcer

Question 21

schedules of reinforcement

Answer 21

Continuous Schedule

Intermittent Schedules

Question 22

the organism is reinforced for every response

Answer 22

Continuous Schedule

Question 23

they produce responses that are more resistant to extinction.

Answer 23

Intermittent Schedule

Question 24

four basic intermittent schedules

Answer 24

Fixed-Ratio
Variable-Ratio
Fixed-Interval
Variable-Interval

Question 25

every 5th

Answer 25

Fixed-Ratio

Question 26

on average

Answer 26

Variable-Ratio

Question 27

every minute

Answer 27

Fixed-Interval

Question 28

on average but refers to time

Answer 28

variable-Interval

Question 29

the organism is reinforced intermittently according to the number of responses it makes.

Answer 29

Fixed-Ratio

Question 30

the organism is reinforced after every nth response

Answer 30

Variable-Ratio

Question 31

the organism is reinforced for the first response following a designated period of time.

Answer 31

Fixed-Interval

Question 32

organism is reinforced after the lapse of random or varied periods of time.

Answer 32

Variable-Interval

Question 33

aka forgetting

Answer 33

Extinction

Question 34

the tendency of previously acquired response to become progressively weakened upon nonreinforcement.

Answer 34

Extinction

Question 35

systematically withholds reinforcement of a previously learned response until the probability of that response diminishes to zero.

Answer 35

Operant Extinction

Question 36

according to Skinner, human behavior is shaped by three forces:

Answer 36

Natural Selection Cultural Practices Individual's history of reinforcement

Question 37

Inner States:

Answer 37

feelings of love anxiety or fear

Question 38

humans are also aware of their consciousness, of themselves as part of their environment, and of themselves observing that stimuli.

Answer 38

Self-Awareness

Question 39

the effects of deprivation and satiation and to the corresponding probability that the organism will respond.

Answer 39

Drives

Question 40

subjective existence of emotions

Answer 40

Emotions

Question 41

individuals establish groups because they have been rewarded for doing so.

Answer 41

Social Behavior

Question 42

laws, rules, customs

Answer 42

Social Control

Question 43

Counteracting Strategies

Answer 43

Escape Revolt Passive Resistance

Question 44

when social control is excessive, people can use these

Answer 44

Counteracting Strategies

Question 45

people withdraw from the controlling agent

Answer 45

Escape

Question 46

behave more actively, counterattacking the controlling agent.

Answer 46

Revolt

Question 47

they are more subtle than those who rebel and more irritating to the controllers than those who rely on escape

Answer 47

Passive Resistance

Question 48

the conspicuous feature of passive resistance is

Answer 48

Stubbornness