C&D Gender pt2 Flashcards
(15 cards)
What is liberation thesis?
A logical consequence of patriarchal control theory. If society becomes less patriarchal, men can no longer exercise control over women to prevent their criminal and deviant behaviour
Alder
Came up with liberation thesis. Female liberation has led to a rise in the f crime rate. Women adopting trad male roles in il/legitimate spheres has led to a rise in both female white-collar crime and women not only committing female-typical crimes
Critiques of liberation thesis
Female crime rate rose in 50s, before second wave feminism in 60s/70s.
Most female crime is w/c, despite them not receiving as many benefits from female liberation
White collar crime is male dominated
Laidler - female gang members conform to gender norms, despite their committing crime being apparently “liberating”
Denscombe (2001)
Females are as likely as males to engage in risk-taking behaviour, girls adopted more “male” stances, e.g. being in control, looking hard
Re: Growth of girl gangs as a response to female liberation
Hands and Dodd
Between 2000-8, the number of females arrested for violent crime increased 17% on average in the UK, noting similar trends in Canada, Australia and America.
May support LT, females committing more male typical crimes in societies where female liberation has happened
Steffensmeier and Schwartz
There has been no change in women’s involvement in violent crime despite official stats finding an increase. This is due to the justice system “widening the net”, where smaller scale violent offences (which women’s violence tends to be) are prosecuted.
Burman
The media recently has depicted women as “disorderly, drunk, out of control and looking for fights”.
Female criminalisation is socially constructed resulting from a moral panic about women’s behaviour.
Sharpe
Many professionals such as police and judges were influenced by perceptions of girls as “ladettes” and that female behaviour was rapidly deteriorating, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy and amplification spiral
Homicide stats by gender - Crime Survey of England and Wales (2012)
- 70% of victims are male
- Female victims are more likely to be known to the killer
- In 60% of cases the killer was a partner or ex-partner
- Males are more likely to be killed by a friend or acquaintance
Violent crime victims by gender - Crime Survey of England and Wales (2012)
- Fewer women are victims than men (2% vs 4%)
- Women most likely victimised by someone they knew, men by strangers
- Women are more likely to face intimate violence than men (31% vs 18%)
- Women 10× more likely to report being SAed
- Only 8% of women who experience SA report it
Crime stats by gender and fear or crime
- Research demonstrates that women have a greater fear of crime despite statistics demonstrating they are less likely to be victims
- This may be because they are more likely to refuse Crime Survey interviews
Ansara and Hindin
Female victims experience more severe violence and control within relationships than males do
Messerschmidt
Masculinity is an accomplishment, something men have to constantly work at constructing and presenting to others. Some males have more resources to draw upon than others
Messerschmidt - Types of masculinity
Hegemonic - Dominant form of masculinity that most men want to achieve. Defined through paid work (as a male sphere), heterosexuality, and the ability to subordinate women.
Subordinated - Where men, particularly poor and ethnic minorities, lack the necessary resources to achieve the former (think incels)
