C1 - states of matter (Particles, arrangement, melting points, diffusion)

Question 1

define an Atom

Answer 1

The smallest particle that cannot be further broken down.

Question 2

describe the structure of an atom

Answer 2

Central nucleus containing protons and neutrons, ‘shells’ of electrons

Question 3

the relative charge and mass of protons

Answer 3

Relative charge = +1
Relative mass = 1

Question 4

the relative charge and mass of neutrons

Answer 4

Relative charge = 0
Relative mass = 1

Question 5

the relative charge and mass of electrons

Answer 5

Relative charge = -1
Relative mass = 1/ 2000

Question 6

what affects an element’s chemical properties

Answer 6

number of electrons in the outer shell

Question 7

Define an isotope

Answer 7

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons

Question 8

define a molecule

Answer 8

particles made of 2 or more atoms covalently bonded together (can be same or diff. type of atoms)

Question 9

define a compound

Answer 9

2 or more diff. types of atoms chemically bonded together

Question 10

define a mixture

Answer 10

2 or more elements / compounds mixed together that can be separated by physical means

Question 11

define an element

Answer 11

same type of atoms

Question 12

define an ion

Answer 12

a charged particle

Question 13

Describe the arrangement of particles in a solid

Answer 13

Particles vibrate in fixed positions in a regular structure (lattice)- held together by strong intermolecular forces of attraction

Question 14

Describe the arrangement of particles in a liquid

Answer 14

Particles move around and slide past each other and collide often.- They are close together but not in a lattice. The intermolecular forces that hold them are weaker than that of a solid.

Question 15

Describe the arrangement of particles in a gas

Answer 15

Particles move freely and randomly in all directions, collide less often than liquids- and has intermolecular forces weaker than that of a liquid holding them together.

Question 16

Is the state rigid
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas

Answer 16

a) yes
b) no
c) no

Question 17

Is the state able to be compressed
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas

Answer 17

a) no
b) no
c) yes

Question 18

Does the state have a fixed shape
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas

Answer 18

a) yes
b) no
c) no

Question 19

Does the state have a fixed volume
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas

Answer 19

a) yes
b) yes
c) no

Question 20

Can the state flow
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas

Answer 20

a) no
b) yes
c) yes

Question 21

define aqueous

Answer 21

dissolved in solution

Question 22

define molten

Answer 22

melted

Question 23

what are the symbols for the states in a word equation
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas
d) aqueous

Answer 23

a) (s)
b) (l)
c) (g)
d) (aq)

Question 24

note: always draw number line for change of state

Question 25

which reactions are exothermic & endothermic

Answer 25

-exothermic: condensation, freezing -endothermic: boiling, evaporation

Question 26

Explain what happens to the temperature during melting

Answer 26

During melting, the temperature stays the same because the energy is used to WEAKEN the intermolecular forces and change substance from a solid to a liquid

Question 27

Explain what happens to the temperature during boiling

Answer 27

During boiling, the temperature stays the same because the energy is used to the BREAK DOWN the intermolecular forces and change the substance form a liquid to a gas

Question 28

what is happening when a solid to a liquid to a gas

Answer 28

melting, evaporation/ boiling

Question 29

what is happening when a gas to a liquid to a solid

Answer 29

condensation, freezing

Question 30

what happens to the line on a graph when one of the process occurs and what is it called

Answer 30

the line becomes straight for awhile, heating curve

Question 31

when do particles stop moving

Answer 31

at an absolute 0 (-273 degree C)

Question 32

define volatile

Answer 32

turns to a gas easily (low boiling point)

Question 33

define diffusion

Answer 33

moment of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration as a result of their random motions

Question 34

What affects the rate of diffusion

Answer 34

higher temperature, faster diffusion more molecular mass, slower diffusion

Question 35

define pressure

Answer 35

force acting perpendicular to a surface per unit area

Question 36

what is the SI unit for pressure

Answer 36

Newton per meter squared = n/m^2

Question 37

why do gas particles move at different speeds

Answer 37

they each have different amount of kinetic energy stored in them

Question 38

when does collision between gas particles take place

Answer 38

always

Question 39

when do gas particles change direction

Answer 39

once they collied with another particle

Question 40

how does gas pressure happen

Answer 40

when particles hit a surface, it the right angled to the surface causing a net force and a pressure.

Question 41

what happens when during collision when a particle has high energy.

Answer 41

more energy, more force exerted to the other particles when colliding

Question 42

what happens when the temperature is higher

Answer 42

higher temperature, more kinetic energy store in particles, increased movement of particles, more collisions

Question 43

what happens when the volume of a container decreases

Answer 43

less volume, more collisions of particles

Question 44

what happens when there are more collisions

Answer 44

more collisions, more net force, more pressure

Question 46

Describe how the movement and arrangement of particles change when water is cooled from 10C to -10C

Answer 46

At 10C, the particles slide and move past each other, colliding often in random motion. At -10c, the particles vibrate at fixed positions in a closely packed and regular structure. (Make a comparison)

Question 47

There is ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride on opposite sides on a closed tube. A white ring forms a bit towards the hydrogen chloride. Suggest why ammonium chloride forms nearer to hydrochloric acid.

Answer 47

-The molecular mass of ammonia is less than hydrochloric acid. -The ammonia particles diffuse faster than hydrogen chloride particles.